B    3    fiMH    53M 


ENTOMOLOGY  LIB- 


SPECIAL  BULLETIN. 


HATCH  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


OF   THE 


Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 


THE    COCCID    GENERA 

CHIONASPIS  AND  HEMICHIONASPIS. 


R.    A.    COOLEY,    B.   Sc. 


AUGUST  10,  1899. 


AMHERST,   MASS.: 

of  Carpenter 

1899. 


HATCH    EXPERIMENT    STATION 


OF   THB 


Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 


AMHERST,  MASS. 


By  act  of  the  General  Court,  the  Hatch  Experiment  Station  and 
the  State  Experiment  Station  have  been  consolidated  under  the  name 
of  the  Hatch  Experiment  Station  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.  Several  new  divisions  have  been  created  and  the  scope  of 
others  has  been  enlarged.  To  the  horticultural,  has  been  added  the 
duty  of  testing  varieties  of  vegetables  and  seeds.  The  chemical  has 
been  divided,  and  a  new  division,  "  Foods  and  Feeding,"  has  been 
established.  The  botanical,  including  plant  physiology  and  disease, 
has  been  restored  after  temporary  suspension. 

The  officers  are  : — 

Director. 

Agriculturist. 

Botanist. 

Chemist  (Fertilizers). 

Chemist  (Foods  and  Feeditfg). 

Entomologist. 

Horticulturist. 

Meteorologist. 

Assistant  Agriculturist. 

Assistant  Botanist. 

Assistant  Chemist  (Fertilizers). 

Assistant  Chemist  (Fertilizers). 

Assistant  Chemist  (Fertilizers). 

First  C%ewzs£(Foods  and  Feeding) . 

Ass't  Chemist  (Foods  and  Feeding) . 

Ass't  Chemist  ( Food.-. and  Feeding). 

Assistant  in  Foods  and  Feeding. 

Assistant  Horticulturist. 

Assistant  Horticulturist. 

Observer. 


HENRY  H.  GOODELL,  LL.  D., 
WILLIAM  P.  BROOKS,  PH.  D., 
GEORGE  E.  STONE,  PH.  D., 
CHARLES  A.  GOESSMANN,  PH.  D.,  LL.  D., 
JOSEPH  B.  LINDSEY,  PH.  D., 
CHARLES  H.  FERNALD,  PH.  D., 
SAMUEL  T.  MAYNARD,  B.  Sc., 

J.    E.    OSTRANDER,    C.    E., 

HENRY  M.  THOMSON,  B.  Sc., 
RALPH  E.  SMITH,  B.  Sc., 
HENRI  D.  HASKINS,  B.  Sc., 
CHARLES  I.  GOESSMANN.  B.  Sc., 
SAMUEL  W.  WILEY,  B.  Sc., 
EDWARD  B.  HOLLAND,  M.  Sc., 
FRED  W.  MOSSMAN,  B.  Sc., 
BENJAMIN  K.  JONES,  B.  Sc., 
PHILIP  H.  SMITH,  B.  Sc., 
OEORGE  A.  DRKW,  B.  Sc., 
HERBERT  D.  HEMENWAY,  B.  Sc., 
ARTHUR  C.  MONAHAN, 


The  co-operation  and  assistance   of  farmers,  fruit-growers,  horti- 
culturists, and  all  interested,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  agriculture, 
are  earnestly  requested.     Communications  may  be  addressed  to  the 
HATCH  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  Amherst,  Mass. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  paper  it  was  intended  to  bring  together 
all  obtainable  information  concerning  the  known  species  of  the  gen- 
era treated,  and  to  give  this  information  in  such  form  as  to  be  of 
service  to  the  genera]  entomologist  as  well  as  to  the  specialist. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  for  study  as  large  an  amount  of 
material  as  possible,  Professor  Fernald  prepared  and  sent  out  a 
circular  letter  to  a  large  number  of  entomologists  both  in  this  country 
and  abroad,  and  we  also  sent  personal  letters  to  all  who  were 
especially  interested  in  the  Coccidae,  asking  for  specimens.  The 
results  have  been  most  gratifying,  for  a  large  amount  of  material  has 
been  received  from  nearly  every  correspondent.  I  also  spent  some 
time  in  Washington  studying  the  unrivaled  collection  of  Coccids  in 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  where  every  facility  for  this  work  was 
granted  by  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard  and  his  assistants. 

It  became  evident  in  the  course  of  my  work  that  the  genus  Chion- 
aspis in  the  sense  in  which  it  was  first  established  was  an  unnatural 
group  and  must  be  broken  up  into  several  genera.  Chionaspis  in  a 
restricted  sense  and  Hemichionaspis  have  been  treated  of  in  this 
paper  and  it  is  my  intention  at  some  future  time  to  publish  the  others. 

The  generic  name  Chionaspis  has  been  retained  for  that  division 
which  includes  salicis  L.  and  this  species  should  be  regarded  as  Sig- 
noret's  type  of  the  genus,  as  is  shown  later  in  this  work,  as  well  as 
for  the  genus  in  its  more  restricted  sense.  It  may  be  well  to  state 
that  the  old  genus  Chionaspis  now  contains  over  one  hundred  species, 
and  that  not  only  in  my  own  collection,  but  also  in  that  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural  College  are  authentic  specimens  of  nearly  all 
of  these,  as  well  as  a  very  large  number  of  species  in  other  genera 
of  the  Coccidae. 

I  take  this  opportunity  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  to  all  who 
have  kindly  aided  me,  either  with  specimens  or  otherwise,  and  espec- 
ially to  Mr.  Alexander  Craw  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.  for  specimens 
of  very  choice  species  ;  to  Mr.  A.  H.  Kirkland  of  Maiden,  Mass, 
for  numerous  specimens  collected  by  himself,  and  to  Mr.  C.  P. 
Lounsbury,  Government  Entomologist  at  Cape  Town,  South  Africa, 


for  a  large  amount  of  material  from  that  country.  The  late  Mr.  W. 
M.  Maskell  before  his  death  very  kindly  sent  specimens  of  many  of 
his  species  and  also  an  almost  complete  set  of  his  publications 
on  the  Coccidae.  I  am  also  under  obligations  to  Dr.  L.  Zehntner  of 
Java  for  copies  of  his  finely  illustrated  papers  on  scale  insects  as 
well  as  for  examples  of  his  species ;  to  Mr.  E.  E.  Green  who  has 
been  especially  generous  in  sending  specimens  of  every  species  of 
Chionaspis  known  to  occur  in  Ceylon  ;  to  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard  who  has 
allowed  me  every  opportunity  to  study  the  collection  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  and  also  given  me  much  valuable  information, 
and  to  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  who  has  rendered  much  assistance 
by  sending  numerous  specimens  and  by  giving  valuable  information 
from  time  to  time.  Much  credit  is  due  Miss  Ida  J.  Russell  who  has 
spent  many  patient  hours  preparing  and  mounting  these  scale  insects 
and  has  become  very  proficient  in  the  work.  I  wish  to  express  my 
sincere  appreciation  of  the  assistance  in  my  studies  and  in  the  prep- 
aration of  this  paper,  given  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald,  and  also  of  his 
energy  and  success  in  obtaining  specimens  and  literature  on  the 
Coccidae  as  well  as  for  valuable  advice  and  suggestions. 

SCALE-INSECTS  BY  MAIL. 

A  few  words  should  be  said  upon  the  danger  of  sending  scale 
insects  by  mail.  There  is  comparatively  little  danger  of  the  forma- 
tion of  new  colonies  of  scale  insects  by  immature  females  on  detached 
leaves  or  branches  as  these  soon  wither  and  die  and  the  scale  insects 
attached  to  them  perish.  I  have  repeatedly  received  insects  in  this 
condition  and  they  soon  died  and  shriveled  up.  The  case  is  entirely 
different,  however,  when  scales  enclosing  eggs  or  mature  viviparous 
females  are  sent.  Species  of  the  subfamily  Diasphiae  and  also  of 
the  genus  Lecanmm  have  frequently  been  sent  to  me  in  the  egg 
stage  and  in  a  great  many  cases,  sometimes  many  weeks  after  they 
were  received,  these  eggs  hatched,  often  in  great  numbers,  and  the 
young  larvae  were  seen  crawling  about  over  my  desk.  Mature  vivip- 
arous females  sometimes  give  birth  to  young  even  after  the  detached 
twigs  to  which  they  are  clinging  have  begun  to  wither  and  die. 
There  is  therefore  great  danger  that  injurious  scale  insects  may  be 
introduced  into  new  localities  through  the  medium  of  the  mails. 


EXPLANTION  OF  TERMS. 

ANUS. — The  terminal  opening  of  the  alimentary  canal.  A  more  or 
less  circular  orifice  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  pygidium.  It 
varies  in  location  from  a  point  near  the  margin  of  the  pygidium 
to  one  anterior  of  the  groups  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices. 
See  Plate  4,  Fig.  5  P. 

CARINA  (plural  carinae). — An  elevated  ridge  running  longitudinally 
on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  male  scales  of  certain  genera. 
Carinae  also  sometimes  occur  on  female  scales. 

CARIXATE. — Having  carinae.     For  a  description  see  Carina. 

CIRCUMGENITAL  GLAND-ORIFICES. — These  are  circular  gland-orifices 
arranged  in  groups  around  the  genital  aperture  and  furnish  a 
powdery  secretion  for  dusting  over  the  eggs  as  they  issue  from 
the  body.  See  Plate  4,  Fig.  5  A. 

DORSAL  GLAND-ORIFICES. — On  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  pygidium  are 
oval  orifices  through  which  the  glandular  secretions  of  which  the 
scale  is  formed,  are  discharged.  These  are  arranged  in  more 
or  less  distinct  rows  which  mark  the  dividing  lines  of  the 
transformed  segments.  Each  row  is  usually  divided  near  the 
middle  forming  two  groups  which  are  termed  the  anterior  and 
posterior  groups.  These  are  shown  at  B  and  C,  Plate  4,  Fig.  5. 
These  rows  are  designated  as  first,  second,  third  and  fourth ; 
the  first  row  being  the  one  nearest  the  median  line  of  the  body 
and  always  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  between  the 
median  and  second  pair  of  lobes.  See  Plate  4,  Fig.  5.  In  a 
very  few  species  of  the  Diaspinae  another  poorly  defined  row 
occurs  still  nearer  the  median  line  and  extends  to  the  edge  of 
the  pygidium  between  the  median  lobes. 

EXUVIA  (plural  exuviae). — The  dorsal  integument  of  the  early  stages 
which  has  been  molted  off  and  incorporated  into  the  scale. 
The  smallest  and  uppermost  exuvia  is  designated  astheyfr^/  and 
the  larger  under  one  as  the  second. 

FIRST  EXUVIA. — See  Exuvia. 

GLAND-BEARING  PROMINENCE. — A  prominence  on  the  margin  of  the 
pygidium  bearing  a  gland-opening  on  the  dorsal  surface.  See 
Plate  4,  Fig.  5  j. 


GLAND-ORIFICE. — The  external  opening  through  which  a  gland  pours 
its  secretions. 

GLAND-SPINES. — Spiny  appendages  each  of  which  is  supplied  with 
a  single  gland  whose  orifice  is  at  the  tip.  Other  authors  have 
called  all  appendages  of  this  nature  "  plates,"  "  squames," 
"  scaly  hairs/'  without  distinguishing  between  the  fimbricated 
appendages  of  Aspidiotus,  Parlatoria  and  certain  other  genera 
(Plate  4,  Figs.  3  and  4)  which  are  not  supplied  with  glands  and 
the  spine-like  appendages  here  described.  Gland-spines  are 
shown  on  Plate  4.  Fig.  5  H,  and  also  on  Plate  6,  Figs.  5  and  to. 
For  the  sake  of  brevity  a  formula  has  been  adopted  in  giving 
the  number  of  the  gland-spines  on  the  pygidium.  Thus  in  the 
description  of  Chionaspis  salicis^  the  formula  for  the  gland-spines 
is  given  as  i,  1-2,  1-2,  1-2,  3-7,  which  means  that  the  first  group 
outside  of  the  median  lobes  contains  one,  the  second,  third  and 
fourth  one  or  two  each,  and  the  fifth  from  three  to  seven. 

LOBES. — When  lobes  are  present  in  the  Diaspinae  they  occur  at  the 
extremity  of  the  body  and  are  in  pairs,  there  being  one  pair  to 
each  of  the  transformed  segments.  Where  one  pair  is  present  it 
occurs  on  segment  twelve  ;  where  two  pairs  are  present,  on  seg- 
ments eleven,  twelve  etc.,  each  additional  pair  being  placed  on 
the  next  anterior  unoccupied  segment.  The  terminal  pair  (Plate 
4,  Fig.  5  K)  is  designated  as  the  first  or  median  pair.  The 
others  are  designated  as  second,  third  and  fourth  pair,  etc., 
according  to  their  position  as  second,  third  and  fourth  from  the 
median  pair.  See  Plate  4,  Fig.  5.  In  the  two  genera  of  this 
paper  the  second  and  third  pairs,  which  are  the  only  ones  that 
occur  beside  the  median  pair,  each  lobe  is  composed  of  two 
distinct  lobules.  See  Plate  4,  Fig.  5  L  and  M. 

LOBULE. — See  lobes. 

MARGINAL  GLAND-ORIFICE.— Ori  the  margin  of  the  pygidium  are 
other  gland-orifices  precisely  like  the  dorsal  gland-orifices  except 
for  position.  These  are  designated  as  the  marginal  gland- 
orifices  and  there  are  two  to  each  of  the  transformed  segments 
except  near  the  median  line  where  they  are  less  numerous  and 
more  variable.  These  are  represented  on  Plate  4,  Fig.  5  E.  It 
will  be  seen  that  part  are  directly  on  the  margin  and  part  are  a 
little  back  from  the  edge. 


MEDIAN  NOTCH. — A  notch  in  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  at  the  pos- 
terior extremity  of  the  body.  This  is  a  very  important  charac- 
teristic of  Aulacaspis  and  Phenacaspis.  Shown  on  Plate  4,  Fig.  i. 

PYGIDIUM. — The  pygidium  is  composed  of  several  of  the  terminal 
segments  of  the  body  which  have  been  transformed  and  which 
together  form  a  flattened  organ  used  as  a  trowel.  No  definite 
dividing  line  between  the  pygidium  and  the  rest  of  the  body  can 
be  designated,  but  for  the  purposes  of  this  paper  it  is  consid- 
ered to  extend  to  the  notch  just  anterior  to  the  fifth  group  of 
gland-spines,  counting  from  the  median  lobes.  Fig.  4,  on  Plate 
5,  is  a  more  or  less  diagramatic  representation  of  the  body  of  a 
female  insect  in  this  group.  The  pygidium  which  extends  as 
far  anteriorly  as  the  notch  between  segments  seven  and  eight  is 
seen  to  be  made  up  of  parts  quite  similar  to  the  segments  of  the 
rest  of  the  body. 

SCALE. — The  entire  shield-like  covering  of  a  scale  insect,  composed 
in  part  of  secreted  matter  produced  by  the  insect  and  in  part  of 
exuviae  molted  from  the  body  and  incorporated  into  it. 

SECOND  EXUVIA. — See  exuvia. 

SPINES. — Two  spines  occur  on  each  side  of  each  of  the  segments  of 
the  pygidium,  the  one  above  usually  being  the  larger.  These 
are  generally  considerably  smaller  than  the  gland-spines  and 
have  a  circle  at  their  base.  See  Plate  4.  Fig.  5  F  and  G. 

STYLE. — A  long  spine-like  appendage  at  the  end  of  the  body  of  the 
male  Coccid. 


GENUS  CHIONASPIS. 

Chionaspis  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  Ser.  4,  Vol.  IX.,  p.  442  (1869). 
Chionaspis  Comstock,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1880,  p.  313(1881). 
Chionaspis  Comstock,  Sec.  Ann.  Rep.  Dept.  Ent.  Cornell  Univ.  Expt. 

Sta.,  p.  97  (1883). 

Chionaspis  Douglas,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.  245  (1885). 
Chionaspis  Maskell,  Ins.  Nox.  to  Agr.  and  Plants  in   New  Zealand, 

p.  54  (1887). 

Chionaspis  Morgan,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXV.,  p.  47  (1888). 
Chionaspis  Cockerell,  Bull.  Bot.  Dept.  Jam.,  No.  40,  p.  9  (1893). 
Chionaspis  Maskell,  Tr.  N.  Z.  Inst,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  9  (1894). 
Chionaspis  Green,  Coccidae  of    Ceylon,  Pt.  I.,  p.  23  (1896). 
Chionaspis  Berlese  and  Leonardi,  Riv.    di.   Pat.  Veg.,  Vol.  VI.,  p. 

290  (1898). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Elongated,  nearly  parallel-sided  or  plainly 
broadened  posteriorly ;  more  or  less  convex.  Ventral  scale  developed 
only  at  the  anterior  end.  Exuviae  at  the  anterior  extremity,  the  first 
one  naked  and  lying  partly  on  the  second  which  is  more  or  less  cov- 
ered by  secreted  matter.  Secreted  portion  of  scale  white  ;  exuviae 
varying  from  colorless  to  orange-yellow  or  brownish. 

FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  8.  Elongated,  broadened  posteriorly,  dis- 
tinctly segmented.  A  more  or  less  distinct  group  of  small  nearly 
circular  gland-orifices  on  each  side  of  each  of  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments (Plate  5,  Fig.  8).  These  are  much  more  distinct  just  in  front 
of  the  pygidium  than  near  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  body. 
More  or  less  distinct  rows  of  oval  gland-orifices  on  the  dorsal  surface 
between  the  posterior  segments  (Plate  5,  Fig.  8).  A  group  of  gland- 
spines  on  each  side  of  each  of  the  abdominal  segments,  more  distinct 
near  the  pygidium  than  anteriorly  (Plate  5,  Fig.  8). 

The  characters  of  the  pygidium  (Plate  5,  Fig.  8)  are  as  follows. 
Two  or  three  pairs  of  lobes  present.  Median  lobes  more  or  less 
semicircular  in  outline,  their  bases  either  close  to  each  other  or 
touching  for  more  or  less  of  their  length,  serrate,  notched  or  entire. 


Each  lobe  of  the  second  and  third  pair  composed  of  two  lobules  of 
which  the  inner  one  is  larger  than  the  outer.  Second  pair  always 
smaller  than  the  first ;  third  pair  always  smaller  than  the  second. 
Gland-spines  usually  simple  though  sometimes  forked  at  their  tips 
and  usually  shortest  near  the  median  lobes,  gradually  increasing  in 
size  toward  the  anterior  part  of  the  pygidium. 

The  spines  are  usually  plainly  visible  ;  those  on  the  dorsal  larger 
than  those  on  the  ventral  surface.  First  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices 
absent :  second  row  usually  represented  by  the  anterior  group  only, 
though  in  one  species  (dysoxylt)  the  posterior  group  only  is  present ; 
third  and  fourth  rows  always  present. 

Circumgenital  gland-orifices  always  present  and  arranged  in  five 
groups. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Elongated  ;  tricarinate,  unicarinate  or  without 
carinae.  Ventral  scale  complete,  forming  with  the  upper  part  a 
complete  tube.  Plate  2,  Fig.  8  A  represents  the  male  scale  of  salicis, 
the  type  of  this  genus.  Plate  5,  Fig.  i  shows  it  in  cross  sections. 

REMARKS. 

Of  the  fifteen  species  and  one  variety  now  known  in  the  genus 
Chionaspis,  eleven  are  from  America  and  one  each  from  Europe, 
Japan,  New  Zealand,  Ceylon  and  South  Africa.  Most  of  the  species 
are  rather  northern  in  their  range  of  distribution,  and  as  a  rule 
occur  on  the  bark  of  the 'host  plant. 

Some  of  the  species  are  very  closely  related  and  it  has  been  only 
by  careful  study  of  a  very  large  amount  of  material  that  I  have 
been  able  to  find  trustworthy  characters  by  means  of  which  they  can 
be  separated.  It  is  my  opinion  that  the  true  European  sahcis  has 
not  been  discovered  in  America  and  that  what  Prof.  Comstock 
believed  to  be  this  species  is  distinct,  though  closely  related  to  it. 
After  a  careful  study  of  a  mass  of  material  from  all  parts  of  this 
country.  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Prof.  Comstock's  salicis 
is  identical  with  the  species  described  by  Walsh  as  salicis-nigrae  and 
it  seemed  proper  to  adopt  his  name,  even  though  his  type  is  lost  and 
no  comparison  with  it  can  now  be  made. 

I  have  adopted  salicis  L.  as  the  type  of  the  genus  Chionaspis  for 
the  reason  that  in  his  original  description  of  the  genus,  Signoret 
mentioned  this  species  as  an  example,  though  he  did  not  state  defi- 


10 

nitely  that  he  had  taken  it  as  the  type  ;  and  because  the  first  species 
he  discussed  under  the  genus  was  aceris  which  I  have  found  to  be  a 
synonym  of  salicis. 

SYNOPTIC  TABLE  OF  SPECIES. 

Median  carina  of    male  scale  fairly  distinct,          .          .          2. 
Median  carina  of   male  scale  very  indistinct  or  absent,        n. 

(  Inner  edges  of  median  lobes  fused  together,  See  Plate  8,  Fig.  3. 

2.  <  america?ia. 
(  Inner  edges  of  median  lobes  not  fused  together,  .         3. 

(  Anterior  group  of  second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  present,  4. 

3.  •<  Anterior  group  of  second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  absent, 
(  dysoxyli. 

( Inner  lobule  of  the  second   lobe  approximately   one-third  as 

J  wide  as  the  median  lobe,  ....         wistariae. 

I  Inner  lobule  of  second  lobe  at  least  one-half   as   wide  as  the 

^median  lobe, 5. 

j  Mature  female  scale  usually  more  than  2  mm.  long,         .          6. 
5'      (  Mature  female  scale  usually  less  than  2  mm.  long,         .   corni. 

,       (  Fifth  group  of  gland-spines  numbering  from  one  to  three,    9. 
\  Fifth  group  of  gland-spines  numbering  from  three  to  eleven,  7. 

(  Median  lobes  very  broadly  rounded  at  their  extremities  and  set 

7.     <  close  together.     See  Plate  5,  Fig.  3  and  Plate  8,  Fig.  6,  furfura. 

(  Median  lobes  not  as  above  described,  ...         8. 

g       f  Median  lobes  indistinctly  pointed.     See  Plate  7,  Fig.  9,  lintneri. 
\  Median  lobes  rounded,         .  herbae,  salicis,  salicis-nigrae. 

{  Median  lobes  parallel  in  general  direction,              .     pinifoliae. 
9'     \  Median  lobes  divergent, 10. 


(  Median  lobes  large  and  prominent.  See  Plate  ^^Yig. 

10.  -j  Median  lobes  rather  small  and  inconspicuous.     See  Plate    7, 
(  Fig.  4,  .....          .pinifoliae  heterophyllae. 

( Inner  edges  of  median    lobes  fused    together.     See  Plate  8, 

11.  -<  Fig.  5, caryae. 

(  Inner  edges  of  median  lobes  free,         .         .         .         .12 

(  Median    lobes    parallel    in    general    direction;     indistinctly 

12.  -j  serrate 13 

(  Median  lobes  divergent ;  distinctly  serrate,  .         .       platani. 

(  Fifth  group  of  gland-spines  numbering  less  than  iom,longi/oba. 

13.  <  Fifth  group  of  gland-spines  numbering  more  than  four, 

(  ortholobis. 


II 


CHIONASPIS  SALICIS. 

Coccus  salicis  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  X.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  456  (1758). 

Coccus  salicis  Linnaeus,  Fauna  Suec.,  Ed.  II.,  p.  265  (1761). 

Coccus  salicis  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  XII.,  Vol.   I.,  p.  741    (1766). 

Coccus  salicis  Mueller,  Fauna  Fred.,  p.  31  (1767). 

Coccus  salicis  Modeer,  Act.  Goth.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  21  (1778). 

Coccus  salicis  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  2218  (1788). 

Coccus  salicis  De  Villers,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  X.,  p.  560  (1789). 

Coccus  salicis  Olivier,  Encycl.  Meth.,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  96  (1791). 

Coccus  salicis  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  Vol.  II.,  Pt.  i,  p.  143  (1804). 

Coccus  saliceti  Ratzeburg,  Forst-ins.,  Vol.  III.,  p.  195  (1844). 

Aspidiotus  salicis  Bouche,  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  294  (1844). 

Aspidiotus  salicifex  Amyot,  Monom.,  p.  480  (1847). 

Coccus  salicis  Macquart,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  Vol.  XXV.  (1847). 

Aspidiotus  minimus  Baerensprung,  Zeit.  fur  Zool.  Zoot.,  p.  168  (1849). 

Coccus  salicis  Macquart,Ann.  Soc.Ent.Fr.,2ndSer.Vol.VIL,  p.47(i849). 

Aspidiotus  vaccinii  Bouche,  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.   in   (1851). 

Aspidiotus  salicis  Bouche',  Ent.  Zeit.  Stett.,  XII.,  no  (1851). 

A spidiotus populi  Bouche',  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.   in   (1851). 

Aspidiotus  saliceti  Bouche',  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.  111   (1851). 

Chionaspis  populi  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  4th  Ser.  Vol.  IX.,  p. 

446  (1869). 

Chionaspis  salicis  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  4th  Ser.  Vol.  IX.,  p. 

447  (1869). 

Chionaspis  alni  Signoret,  Ann.    Soc.    Ent.   Fr.,  *4th   Ser.   Vol.  IX.,  p. 

443  (1869). 
Chionaspis  fraxini  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  4th  Ser.  Vol.  IX.,  p. 

445  (1869). 
Chionaspis  raccinii  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  4th  Ser.  Vol.  IX.,  p. 

448  (1869). 

Chionaspis  aceris  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  4th  Ser.  Vol.    IX.,    p. 
442  (1869). 


12 


Aspidiotus  saliceti  Kaltenbach,  Pflanzenfeinde  aus  der  Klasse  Insek- 

ten,  p.  587  (1874). 

CAi0nasJ>is  frapwi Ormerod,  Man.  Inj.  Ins.,  (First  Ed.),  p.  176  (1881). 
Chionaspis  salicis  F.  Low,  Wien.  Ent.  Zeit.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  6  (1883). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Targioni-Tozzetti,  Annali  d'Agricoltura,p.384(i884). 
Chionaspis  vaccinii  Goethe,  Beobachtung  iiber  Schildlause  und  deren 

Feinde,  angestellt  an  Obstbaumen  und  Reben  ims 

Rheingau,  p.  116  (1884). 
Chionaspis  fraxini   Douglas,    Ent.     Mon.     Mag.,    Vol.    XXII.,    p. 

»       160  (1885). 

Chionaspis populi  Douglas,  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.247  (1885). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Douglas,  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.  249(1885). 
Chionaspis  alni  Douglas.  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.  249  (1885). 
Chionaspis  aceris  Douglas,  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p. 159(1885). 
Chionaspis  zw«#«  Douglas,  Ent.Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.  246(1885). 
Chionaspis  fraxini  Newstead,  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXVI.,  p. 

436  (1889). 

Chionaspis  fraxini  Mosley,  Naturalists'  Guide,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  8  (1890). 
Chionaspis  populi  Mosley,  Naturalists'  Guide,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  31  (1890). 
Chionaspis  fraxini  Curtis,  Manifestation  of  Disease  in  Forest  Trees, 

p.  33  (1892). 

Chionaspis  salicis  Morgan,  Ent.  Mon.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXIX.,  p.  16(1892). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Lintner,  Ninth  Rep.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  411  (1893). 

Chionaspis  fraxini ,  Brit.  Nat,  p.  23  (1894). 

Aspidiotus  fraxini  Henschel,  Die    schadlichen    Forst-und  Obstbaum- 

Insekten,  p.  514  (1895). 
Aspidiotus  salicis    Henschel,   Die    schadlichen  Forst-und  Obstbaum- 

Insekten,  p.  514  (1895). 

Chionaspis  salicis  Gillette  and  Baker,  Hemipt.  of  Colo.,  p.  129  (1895). 
Chionaspis  alni  Cockerell,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  33  (1895). 
Chiofiaspis  salicis  Reuter,  Meddel.  Soc.  Fauna  Flo.  Fenn.,  Hft.  22,  p. 

21  (1896). 
Chionaspis  vaccinii  Cockerell,  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.,  Tech. 

Ser.,  No.  4,  p.  54  (1896). 


13 

Chionaspis  salicis  Douglas,  Note  on  Some  British  Coccidae,  (No.  2), 

p.  249  (1896). 

Aspidiotus  salicis  Eckstein,  Forstliche  Zoologie,  p.  558  (1897). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Berlese  and  Leonardi,   Chermotheca    Italica,    III.y 

Nos.  55,  56  and  57. 

EGG. — Slightly  more  than  .2  mm.  long;  ellipsoidal,  reddish-purple. 
Miss  Ormerod  states  that  the  color  of  the  eggs  is  crimson,  but  it 
seems  probable  that  the  specimens  she  had  for  examination  were 
about  to  hatch  in  which  case  they  would  be  more  reddish  in  color  than 
those  in  which  the  embryos  had  not  developed.  I  have  seen  only 
newly  laid  specimens. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  8.  Length,  2.2 — 2.8  mm. 
Decidedly  broadened  posteriorly  ;  moderately  strong  in  texture  ;  snow 
white  or  dirty  white  in  color.  Exuviae  .8 — .9  mm.  long ;  varying  in 
color  from  orange-yellow  to  brown  or  sometimes  almost  colorless. 

FEMALE. — According  to  Signoret  the  color  of  the  body  (Plate  5^ 
Fig.  8),  is  reddish-yellow.  Median  lobes  (Plate  7,  Fig.  i)  about  as 
broad  as  long,  obscurely  striate,  with  edges  somewhat  triangular, 
sometimes  faintly  serrate  on  the  sides.  Second  and  third  lobes  each 
with  the  inner  lobule  much  larger  than  the  outer  ;  striate,  sometimes 
obscurely  serrate  on  the  outer  edge.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged 
as  follows  :  i,  1-2,  1-2,  1-2,  3-7.  The  first  one  small,  though  readily 
seen.  When  two  occur  together  one  is  smaller  and  often  directly 
above  the  other.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  only 
by  the  anterior  group  consisting  of  2 — 6  orifices.  Third  row  with. 
4 — 9  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 9  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth 
row  with  3 — 8  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  3—9  in  the  posterior  group.* 
Median  group  of  circumgenital gland-orifices,  n  — 17  ;  anterior  laterals, 
26 — 44;  posterior  laterals,  18 — 29. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  8  A.  Length,  .7 — i  mm.  Of 
definite  outline,  distinctly  carinated.  Exuvia  pale  yellow  or  colorless, 
occupying  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale. 

MALE.! — Elongated,  flattened,  red  or  sometimes  yellowish  ;  apter- 
ous or  with  wings.  Antennae  with  third  joint  longest,  fourth,  fifth, 

Occasionally  there  are  a  few  scattering  gland-orifices  precisely  like  those  around  the  gen- 
ital opening.  These  represent  the  second  arch  which  has  been  the  distinguishing  character 
of  the  genus  Poliaspis.  This  genus  is  no  longer  retained. 

tThe  description  of  the  male  is  compiled  from  the  writings  of  Bouche,  Signoret  and  New- 
stead.  I  have  never  seen  specimens  of  this  sex. 


14 

sixth,  seventh  and  ninth  joints  of  equal  length;  eighth  joint  shortest 
and  a  little  thickened.  Prothorax  bearing  a  small  protuberance  on 
each  side  in  front  under  the  eye.  Wings  when  present,  whitish. 
Style  about  as  long  as  the  body. 

REMARKS. 

So  far  as  known  C.  salicis  is  confined  to  Europe.  It  has  been 
recorded  by  Douglas  in  England,  by  Reuter  in  Finland  and  by  Sig- 
noret  in  Vienna,  Austria  and  also  in  Switzerland.  Although  Signoret 
does  not  state  definitely  that  it  occurs  in  France  we  would  infer  that 
it  is  found  there  from  the  fact  that  he  gives  an  account  of  it  in  his 
"  Essai  sur  les  Cochenilles  "  without  giving  a  locality.  The  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  contains  specimens  also  from  Bohemia  and 
Hamburg,  Germany  and  the  species  has  been  sent  me  from  Italy  by 
Mr.  Karl  L.  Kafka. 

The  species  has  been  recorded  by  various  authors  on  the  following 
plants:  Salix  hermaphrodita,  S.  alba,  S.  viminalis,  S.holoserica,  Frax- 
inus  excelsior,  Sarcothamnus  scoparius,  Populus  nigra,  P.  Pyramidalis, 
Vacdnium  myrtillus  and  Alnus  communis.  Willow,  ash,  maple,  poplar 
and  alder  have  also  been  given  without  mentioning  the  species.  The 
Department  of  Agriculture  contains  specimens  from  Dr.  E.  Reuter 
on  Vacdnium  vitis-idaea  and  from  Dr.  L.  Rey  of  Hamburg  on  Tilia 
parvifolia.  Mr.  Karl  L.  Kafka  of  Vienna  has  sent  me  specimens 
on  Alnus  glutinosa,  Populus  tremuloides,  Sarcothamnus  vulgare,  Corn  us 
sanguinea  and  Acer pseudoplatanus. 

The  following  scattering  statements  from  various  authors  indicate 
briefly  the  life  history  of  the  species.  Ratzeburg  states  that  there 
is  only  one  generation.  Bouche  has  found  that  "  20 — 30  reddish 
purple  eggs  "  are  laid  in  the  fall  and  hatch  during  the  first  warm 
days  of  the  spring.  He  observed  that  they  hatch  as  early  as 
February  and  March.  Signoret  states  that  he  has  found  the  males 
in  the  pupal  stage  in  the  month  of  August.  Newstead.  however,  bred 
a  large  number  of  males  in  the  last  week  of  July  and  the  first  week 
of  August.  This  difference  in  time  of  development  of  the  male  is 
doubtless  due  to  difference  in  localilty.  According  to  Bouche'  the 
length  of  the  pupal  stage  is  from  eight  to  fourteen  days. 

In  the  writings  of  Bouche  and  Ratzeburg  it  is  stated  that  the 
male  is  apterous,  while  Signoret  affirms  that  it  is  winged,  and  not 


'5 

until  the  year  1889  was  the  apparent  discrepancy  cleared  up.  In  the 
Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine  for  1889,  Newstead  states  that  he 
bred  quantities  of  males  which  were  about  evenly  divided  between 
winged  and  apterous  individuals.  In  recent  years  we  have  learned 
that  it  is  not  an  uncommon  occurrence  for  males  to  be  both  winged 
and  apterous  in  the  same  species. 

This  species  is  found  only  on  the  bark  of  its  host-plants.  On 
ash  it  confines  its  attack  to  the  young  and  tender  growth,  avoiding 
the  trunk  and  larger  limbs.  It  often  becomes  so  abundant  as  to 
cause  injury  to  the  tree. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  description  of  this  species  I  have  had 
a  very  large  amount  of  material  for  examination,  from  a  wide  range 
of  localities  in  Europe.  The  specimens  were  sent  me  under  the 
old  specific  names  of  populi,  alni,fraxini,  vaccinii  tt\&  aceris  as  well 
as  salicis.  A  series  of  slides  has  been  made  from  each  lot  of  speci- 
mens received  and  an  examination  of  these  slides,  as  well  as  of  the 
scales,  in  situ  on  the  bark  has  led  me  to  believe  them  all  to  belong 
to  the  same  species,  and  as  salicis  has  priority  over  the  other  names, 
it  has  been  retained.  Other  authors  have  believed  fraxini  to  be 
only  a  synonym  of  salicis  and  Signoret  doubted  if  populi  was  a  valid 
species.  Reuter  in  1896  placed  raccinii  also  as  a  synonym  of  salicis. 
In  his  original  description  of  aceris,  Signoret  states  that  the  eggs 
are  of  a  greenish  color,  while  in  salicis  they  are  known  to  be  reddish 
purple.  In  all  species  of  the  genus  as  far  as  they  have  been 
described,  or  as  far  as  I  have  observed  them,  the  eggs  are  alike  in 
color  and  in  no  case  have  I  known  of  their  having  any  greenish 
tinge.  Moreover  dead  and  shrivelled  eggs  of  aceris  are  of  precisely 
the  same  color  as  eggs  of  salicis  in  the  same  condition.  I  am  there- 
fore led  to  think  that  Signoret  was  mistaken  and  have  placed  aceris 
also  as  a  synonym  of  salicis  as  there  are  no  structural  characters  by 
which  to  separate  them. 

No  enemies  of  this  species  have  been  recorded. 


CHIONASPIS  CORXI  n.  sp. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  i.     Length,   1.6 — 2   mm.     Dis- 
tinctly broadened  posteriorly,  rather  thin,  white.     Exuviae    .7    mm., 


i6 

the  first  one  lying  almost    entirely    on    the    second  ;  bright   orange- 
yellow  or  slightly  brown  in  color. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  8.  Median  lobes  entire  or  serrate,  rather 
short  and  broad,  sometimes  obscurely  pointed.  Second  and  third 
pairs  sometimes  very  small ;  inner  lobule  larger  than  the  outer. 
Gland-spines  rather  long  and  slender,  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  i,  1-2, 
1-2,  4-6.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  by  the 
anterior  group  consisting  of  2 — 5  orifices.  Third  row  with  4 — 5  orifices 
in  the  anterior  and  5 — 7  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  4 — 7 
orifices  in  the  anterior  and  6 — 9  in  the  posterior  group.  Median 
group  of  tircumgenital gland-orifices,  9 — 15  ;  anterior  laterals,  17 — 28  ; 
posterior  laterals,  9 — 17. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  i  A.  Length,  .6 — .8  mm.,  mod- 
erately'but  plainly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  pale  yellow  occupying  one- 
third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  this  insect  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Kirkland 
who  sent  me  specimens  from  Reading,  Mass,  on  Cornus  paniculata 
and  C.  alternifolia.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  contains 
specimens  on  Cornus  paniculata.  The  occurrence  of  the  species  in 
Reading  was  in  a  nursery  where  a  block  of  dogwood  shrubs  was 
quite  badly  infested,  some  plants  almost  entirely  covered  near  the 
base. 


CHIONASPIS  LONGILOBA  n.  sp. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  2.  Length  1.5 — 2  mm.  Mod- 
erately strong  in  texture,  dirty  white  in  color.  Exuviae,  8  mm.  long, 
dull  yellowish  brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  7.  Median  lobes  well  developed  and  con- 
spicuous ;  obscurely  pointed,  serrate.  Second  and  third  pairs  with 
the  inner  lobule  larger  than  the  outer  ;  senate.  Inner  lobule  of  the 
second  lobe  long  and  conspicuous.  The  lobes  of  this  species  are 


perceptibly  longer  than  in  any  other  of  the  group.  The  gland-spines 
are  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  2,  1-2,  1-2,  2-3.  Those  on  the  anterior 
part  of  the  pygidium  are  large  and  conspicuous,  decreasing  in  size 
toward  the  median  lobes.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  repre- 
sented by  the  anterior  group  consisting  of  4 — 5  orifices.  Third  row 
with  5 — 7  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  4 — 5  in  the  posterior  group. 
Fourth  row  with  5 — 6  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 7  in  the  posterior 
group.  Median  group  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices  10 — 16;  anterior 
laterals,  20 — 24;  posterior  laterals,  TO — 17. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  2  A.  Length,  .6 — .8  mm.  Oval, 
without  carinae.  Exuvia  brownish  or  colorless. 

REMARKS. 

The  absence  of  carinae  on  the  male  scales  of  this  insect  and 
C.  ortholobis  indicates  a  relationship  between  the  two  species  and 
separates  them  from  all  others  of  the  genus.  C.  longiloba  can  be 
separated  from  C.  ortholobis  by  the  smaller  size  of  the  scales  and  the 
greater  length  and  more  pointed  form  of  the  median  lobes  in 
C.  longiloba. 

The  specimens  from  which  the  foregoing  descriptions  were  made 
are  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  were  collected  on  cot- 
tonwood  in  Texas. 


CHIONASPIS    ORTHOLOBIS. 

Chionaspis  ortholobis  Comstock,    Rep.   U.   S.   Dept.   Agr.,    1880,   p. 

317(1881). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Comstock,   Second  Rep.  Dept.  of  Ent.  Cornell 

Univ.  Expt.  Sta.,  p.  105  (1883). 

Chionaspis  ortholobis  Packard,  Fifth  Rep.  U.S.  Ent.  Com.,  p.  594(1890). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Cockerell,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXVI.,  p.  189  (1894). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  328  (1894). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Gillette  &  Baker,  Hemipt.  of  Colo.,  p.  129  (1895). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Cockerell,  Bull.  24,  X.  Mex.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  p. 

38  (1897). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis  Osborn,  Contr.  from  Dept.  of  Zool.  and  Ent.  la. 

Ag'l.  College,  Xo.  3.  p.  5  (1898). 


i8 

EGG. — Prof.  Comstock  states  that  the  eggs  are  dark  purple  in 
color. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  8.  Length,  2 — 2.5  mm.  Mod- 
erately elongated,  broadest  near  the  middle  of  the  scale  ;  dirty  white. 
Exuviae  .8mm.  long,  brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  2.  Median  lobes  straight  and  parallel, 
having  the  appearance  of  being  set  closely  together ;  rounded  on 
their  extremities,  sometimes  obscurely  serrate  on  the  sides.  Second 
and  third  pairs  with  the  inner  lobule  larger  than  the  outer,  a  little 
oblique  ;  entire  or  obscurely  serrate.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged 
as  follows:  i,  1-2,  1-2,  2,  4-5.  The  first  one  is  small  and  blunt,  and 
they  are  all  as  a  rule  noticeably  smaller  than  in  lintneri  or  salicis- 
nigrae.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  by  the  ante- 
rior group  consisting  of  4 — 7  orifices.  Third  row  with  7 — 9  orifices  in 
the  anterior  and  5 — 8  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with 
10 — ii  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 9  in  the  posterior  group. 
Median  group  of  rircumgenita  I  gland-orifices,  10 — 25  ;  anterior  laterals, 
1 8 — 35  ;  posterior  laterals,  16 — 24. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  SA.  Length,  .6 — .8  mm.  Oval, 
without  carinae ;  exuvia  pale  brown  or  almost  colorless. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  was  first  described  from  Southern  California  and  has 
since  been  frequently  found  in  that  state.  The  Department 
of  Agriculture  contains  specimens  from  Hartington,  Neb.,  and 
Missouri.  I  have  already  received  examples  from  Riley  Co.,  Kan- 
sas from  Mr.  P.  J.  Parrott.  Prof.  Comstock's  specimens  were  found 
on  willow  where  they  infested  chiefly  the  young  whip-like  shoots 
arising  from  the  trunks  of  the  trees.  Specimens  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  and  from  Mr.  P.  J.  Parrott  were  taken  from 
cottonwood.  Prof.  Comstock  found  eggs  of  this  species  under 
the  scales  on  September  12.  This  would  indicate  that  the  insect 
passes  the  winter  in  the  egg  stage  as  do  its  near  relatives  in  this 
country  and  Europe. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  foregoing  descriptions  I  have  had  cotypes 
for  examination  as  well  as  many  hundreds  of  other  specimens. 


CHIONASPIS    SALICIS-NIGRAE. 

Aspidiotus  saliris-nigrae  Walsh,  First  Rep.  Nox.  Ins.  111.,  p.  39  (1867). 
Mytilaspis  salicis^  Baron,  Trans.  111.  Hort.  Soc.,  app.  p.  140  (1871). 
Mytilaspis  saliris  Le  Baron,  Second  Rep.  St.  Ent.  111.,  p.  140  (1872). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Comstock,  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1880,  p. 

320  (1881). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Osborn,   Trans.    la.  St.   Hort.   Soc.,  Vol.  XVII.,  p. 

214  (1882). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Comstock.   Second  Rep.   Dept.  Ent.  Cornell  Univ. 

Expt.  Sta.,  p.  1 06  (1883). 

Chionaspis  salicis  Comstock,  Intro.  Ent.,  Part  I,  p.  151  (1888). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Packard,  Fifth  Rep.  U.  S.  Ent.  Com.,  p.  593  (1890). 
Mytilaspis  salicis  Forbes,  Seventeenth  Rep.  Nox.  and  Benif.  Ins.  111., 

app.  p.  23  (1891). 
Chionaspis   salicis    Lugger,    Bull.    43,     Minn.    Ag'l.    Expt.   Sta.,    p. 

224  (1895). 

Chionaspis  salicis  Lugger,  First  Ann.  Rep.  Ent.  Minn.,  p.  128  (1895). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Osborn,  Proc.  la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  224(1898). 
Chionaspis  salicis  Osborn,  Contr.  from  Dept.  of  Zool.  and  Ent.  la. 

Ag'l.  Coll.,  No.  3,  p.  4  (1898). 
Chionaspis  ortholobis    Bruneri  Cockerell,   Can.  Ent.,   Vol.   XXX.,  p. 

135  (1898). 

EGG. — Oval,  reddish-purple  in  color. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  i.  Length,  2.6 — 4  mm.:  moder- 
ately elongated,  broadest  near  the  middle,  distinctly  convex,  white. 
Exuviae  .8 — .9  mm.  long,  usually  yellowish-brown  but  sometimes 
almost  colorless. 

FEMALE. — Pygidium  usually  very  broad  in  proportion  to  its  length. 
Median  lobes  (Plate  7,  Fig.  3,)  broad,  short,  rounded,  entire  or 
faintly  serrate.  Second  and  third  pairs  with  the  inner  lobule  larger 
than  the  outer,  entire  or  faintly  serrate.  Third  pair  often  almost  obso- 
lete. The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows  :  1,1-2,1-2,  1-3,5-6. 
The  dorsal  gland-orifices  are  often  of  two  kinds  in  this  species. 
Beside  the  usual  groups  of  oval  orifices  there  frequently  occur 
smaller  circular  ones  which  are  also  placed  in  groups.  In  such 
examples  the  anterior  group  of  oval  orifices  is  wholly  or  in  part 


20 

replaced  by  one  of  these  groups,  and  anterior  to  each  of  the  inner 
groups  of  oval  orifices  on  the  pygidium  and  abdominal  segments  is 
another  group  of  circular  orifices.  Some  specimens  have  the  ante- 
rior group  of  the  second  row  made  up  of  both  circular  and  oval 
orifices.  The  oval  orifices  are  arranged  as  follows:  third  row  with 
6 — 9  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 8  in  the  posterior  group  ;  fourth 
row  with  8 — 10  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  8 — n  in  the  posterior 
group.  Median  group  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices,  21 — 36  ;  anterior 
laterals,  31 — 45  ;  posterior  laterals,  28 — 32. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  IA.  Length,  i — 1.2  mm. 
Parallel-sided  or  slightly  broadened  posteriorly,  with  the  posterior 
extremity  rounded ;  distinctly  but  feebly  tri-carinated.  Exuvia 
brown  or  almost  colorless,  occupying  about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

The  nearest  relative  of  C.  salicis-nigrae  in  America  is  C.  lintneri, 
but  the  two  species  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  fact  that  in 
C.  salicis-nigrae  the  median  lobes  are  rounded  while  in  C.  lintneri 
they  are  obscurely  pointed.  C.  corni  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  the  smaller  size,  the  female  scale  never  reaching  the  minimum  size 
of  C.  salicis-nigrae.  C.  ortholobis  and  C.  longiloba  are  readily  sepa- 
rated by  the  fact  that  the  male  scales  in  these  two  species  are  with- 
out carinae. 

C.  salicis-nigrae  is  undoubtedly  a  native  of  this  country  where  it 
has  a  very  wide  distribution.  It  has  been  sent  to  me  more  frequently 
than  any  other  species  treated  of  in  this  paper.  Prof.  Comstock  has 
recorded  it  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and  Sc.  Louis,  Mo.,  Prof.  Osborn  at 
Ames  and  Davenport,  la.,  and  Prof.  Cockerell  in  Nebraska.  The 
Department  of  Agriculture  contains  specimens  from  Mankato, 
Kansas ;  Las  Cruces,  N.  M.;  Lincoln,  Neb.;  Norman,  Neb.;  Lafay- 
ette, Ind.;  Champaign,  111.;  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn.;  New  York; 
West  Cliff,  Colo.;  Pullman,  Wash.;  Arizona  ;  Siskiyou  Co.,  Cal.  The 
species  has  also  been  sent  me  from  the  following  localities  :  Paraje, 
N.  Mex.,  (Cockerell);  Huntington,  Mass.:  Bedford,  Mass.;  Lobster 
Lake,  Me.,  (Kirkland);  Maiden,  Mass.  (Burgess);  Lawrence,  Mass. 
(King);  Riley  Co.,  Kan.  (Parrott);  Cobden,  111.,  and  Kappa,  111. 
(Forbes);  Madeira  Co.,  Cal.  (Craw);  Pullman,  Wash.,  (Piper);  Learn- 
ing, Kingston  and  Kingsville,  Ont.,  Canada  (Fletcher). 


21 


This  species  is  often  very  abundant,  sometimes  completely  cover- 
ing the  bark  of  the  host-plant.  Repqrts  of  trees  having  been  killed 
by  this  insect  are  not  infrequent.  Various  authors  have  given  willow 
and  cottonwood  as  food-plants  of  C.  salicis-nigrae  and  Prof.  Osborn 
has  taken  it  on  poplar.  In  the  Department  of  Agriculture  are 
examples  on  Salix  alba,  S.  nigra,  S.  alba  var.  camellia,  Cornus 
pubescens,  C.  asperifolia,  Balm  of  Gilead  and  Russian  poplar.  In 
addition  to  these  I  have  received  specimens  on  Liriodendron 
tnlipifera  from  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  Cornns  stolonifera  and  C.  sericea 
from  Mr.  A.  H.  Kirkland,  Ccanothus  from  Mr.  Alex.  Craw  and  on 
Amelanchier  canadensis  from  Mr.  G.  B.  King. 

This  species  passes  the  winter  in  the  egg  stage,  about  seventy-five 
eggs  occurring  under  each  scale,  according  to  LeBaron.  The  same 
author  observed  the  "  deep-red  "  young  larvae  hatching  on  May  8. 
Professor  Lugger  has  seen  the  eggs  hatching  about  the  first  of  June, 
but  the  difference  in  time  is  probably  due  to  difference  in  locality  or 
variation  in  season.  There  is  no  published  statement  of  the  num- 
ber of  broods  of  this  insect  and  I  have  never  had  an  opportunity  of 
studying  its  habits.  We  are  entirely  without  information,  also,  as  to 
the  appearance  of  the  male  insect. 

A  few  remarks  on  the  names  given  to  this  insect  seem  desirable 
and  will  explain  my  reasons  for  retaining  the  name  sa/icis-mgrae. 
Professor  Comstock  was  the  first  to  consider  our  species  identical 
with  the  European  salicis,  but  his  conclusions  were  based  on  only 
two  lots  of  specimens  from  this  country.  Had  his  series  been  more 
extended  his  conclusions  probably  would  have  been  different.  Sev- 
eral years  before,  LeBaron  described  the  insect  as  new  under  the 
name  of  Mytilaspis  salicis,  apparently  unaware  of  the  fact  that  this 
specific  name  was  preoccupied.  Early  in  my  studies  on  this  genus 
it  became  evident  that  the  true  European  salicis  had  not  been  dis- 
covered in  this  country,  and  that  it  was  necessary  to  give  a  name  to 
our  American  insect.  It  must  be  admitted  that  Walsh's  description 
is  very  incomplete  and  applies  equally  well  to  several  other  allied 
species,  but,  as  far  as  I  know,  this  is  the  only  species  in  the  group 
which  occurs  in  Illinois,  the  state  from  which  Walsh  described  his 
species,  with  the  exception  of  corni  which  is  smaller  and  confined  to 
Cornus.  Walsh's  type  of  the  species  is  lost,  probably  having  been 
burned  with  the  rest  of  his  collection  in  the  great  Chicago  fire.  The 
only  other  species  now  known  from  which  Walsh's  description  could 


22 

have  been  made  are,  lintneri  which  occurs  only  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  ortholobis  which  is  a  western  species 
and  longiloba  which  is  found  only  in  Texas.  Specimens  of  ortholobis 
have  been  taken,  however,  from  Missouri  and  Kansas  and  this  fact 
has  tended  to  make  the  identity  of  salicis-nigrae  less  certain ;  yet  the 
weight  of  evidence  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  species  now 
before  me  is  really  identical  with  that  described  by  Walsh. 


CHIONASPIS  LINTNERI. 

Chionaspis  lintneri  Comstock,  Second  Rep.  Dept.  Ent.  Cornell  Univ. 

Expt.  Sta.,  p.  103(1883). 

Chionaspis  Lintneri  Cockerell,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  33  (1895). 
Chionaspis  Lintneri betulae  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXX,,  p.  85  (1898). 
Chionaspis  Lintneri  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXX.,  p.  89  (1898). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  3.  Length,  2.5 — 3.2  mm. 
Decidedly  broadened  posteriorly,  somewhat  flattened,  usually  thin 
and  flexible ;  dull  dirty  white  or  snow-white  in  color.  Exuviae 
i  mm.  long,  yellowish-brown.  In  many  of  the  specimens  examined 
the  small  anterior  exuvia  had  been  brushed  off  and  lost ;  scarcely  a 
specimen  among  the  cotypes  of  the  species  which  I  have  seen  has 
this  exuvia  present.  The  second  exuvia  is  .8  mm.  long. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  9.  Median  lobes  obscurely  pointed  and 
faintly  serrate.  Second  and  third  pairs  with  the  inner  lobule  larger 
than  the  outer ;  faintly  serrate.  The  gland-spines  are  long  and  slen- 
der and  are  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  1-2,  2,  1-3,  6-9.  Second 
row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  by  the  anterior  group  consist- 
ing of  3 — 6  orifices.  Third  row  with  4 — 6  orifices  in  the  anterior 
and  5 — 7  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  6 — 8  orifices  in 
the  anterior  and  8 — 10  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of 
circumgenital  gland-orifices,  n  — 19;  anterior  laterals,  25 — 42;  pos- 
terior laterals,  19 — 28. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  3  A.  Length,  .8 — i  mm.  Par- 
allel-sided, distinctly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  yellow  or  almost  colorless, 
occupying  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 


23 

REMARKS. 

C.  lintneri  is  a  native  North  American  insect  and  has  been  taken 
only  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  eastern  Canada.  In  the  orig- 
inal description  of  this  insect  Professor  Comstock  stated  that  he  had 
received  his  specimens  from  the  State  Entomologist  of  New  Yor-k, 
and  though  it  is  not  stated  where  the  specimens  were  collected,  we 
may  infer  that  they  came  from  New  York  state.  Prof.  Cockerell 
has  recorded  the  species  from  Charlottetown,  Prince  Edward  Island. 
The  Department  of  Agriculture  contains  examples  from  Chateaugay, 
Quebec,  Canada;  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  and  "opposite  Alexandria,"  D.  C. 
Two  lots  of  specimens  of  doubtful  locality  but  probably  from  Ottawa, 
Can.  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  were  received  from  Prof.  Cockerell  and  I 
have  also  received  examples  from  Stoneham,  Mass,  from  Mr.  Kirk- 
land  and  from  Ballardvale,  Andover  and  Methuen,  Mass,  from  Mr. 
G.  B.  King. 

The  food  plants  of  the  species  already  published  are  "  Alder," 
Vibunium  lantanoides,  and  Betula  papyrifera.  The  Department  of 
Agriculture  contains  specimens  found  on  Cornus  stolaniger  and  Salix 
sp.  and  it  has  been  sent  to  me  on  Lindera  odorifera  and  Corylus 
americatia  by  Mr.  G.  B.  King,  and  on  Alnus  serrulata  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Kirkland.  It  occurs  also  on  Cornus  alternifolia  and  C.  stolonifera. 
A  very  large  percentage  of  the  examples  received  from  Stoneham, 
Mass,  bear  evidence  of  having  been  parasitized,  though  no  speci- 
mens of  the  parasite  have  ever  been  captured. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  descriptions  of  this  insect  I  have  had  a 
part  of  Prof.  Comstock's  cotypes  for  examination. 


CHIONASPIS  FURFURA. 

Harris,  Rep.  Ins.  of  Mass.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  202  (1841). 
Aspidiotus  fiirfurus  Fitch,  Trans.  N.  Y.  St.  Ag'l.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVI.,  p. 

352  (1856). 
Aspidiotus  cerasi  Fitch,  Trans.  N.  Y.  St.  Ag'l.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVI.,  p.  368 

(1856). 
Aspidiotus  furfurus  Fitch,  Third  Rep.  Nox.  and  Other  Ins.,  p.  352 

(-357)- 


24 

Aspidiotus  cerasi  Fitch,  Third  Rep.  Nox.  and  Other  Ins.,  p-368  (1857). 
—  Harris,    Treat.  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  (Third    Ed.),  p.   254 

(1862). 

Coccus?  Harrisii  Walsh,  Pract.  Ent.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  31  (1866). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Walsh,  Pract.  Ent.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  119  (1867). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Walsh,  First  Rep.  Nox.  Ins.  111.,  pp.  36,  53(1868). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Riley,  First  Ann.  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  p.  7  (1869). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Riley,  Am.  Ent,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  no,  181  (1870). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Riley,  Second  Ann.  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  p.  9  (1870). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Bethune,  Rep.  Ent.  Soc.  Ont.,  I.,  p.  303  (1870). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Glover,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1870,  p.  88 

(i87I). 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Bessey,  Rep.  la.  St.  Ag'l.  Soc.,   1874,  p.  232 


Diaspis  Harrisii  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  Ser.  4,  Vol.  XVI.,  p. 

604  (1876). 

Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Thomas,  Seventh  Rep.  Ins.  111.,  p.  108  (1878). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Comstock,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,   1880, 

p.  315(1881). 

Diaspis  Harrisii  Riley,  Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  XV.,  p.  487  (1881). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Lintner,  First  Ann.  Rep.  Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  331 

(1882). 

Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Packard,  Guide  Study  Ins.,  p.  530  (1883). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Osborn,   Trans.  la.  St.  Hort.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVII., 

p.  211  (1883). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Hagen,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XVI.,  p.  161  (1884). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Osborn,  Bull.  la.  Ag'l.  Coll.    Expt.    Sta.,  No.  2 

(1884). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Comstock,  Intro,  to  Ent.,  Pt.  I.,  p.  151  (1888). 
Chionaspis  furfurus   Lintner,  Fourth  Ann.   Rep.  Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p. 

208  (1888). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Tryon,  Rep.  Ins.  and  Fung.  Pests,  No.  i,  p.  89 

(1889). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Riley-Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  I.,  p.  324  (1889). 


25 

Chionaspis  fttrfurus  Lintner,  Fifth  Ann.   Rep.   Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp. 

300,  326  (1889). 

Aspidiotus  cerasi  Saunders,  Ins.  Inj.  to  Fruits,  p.  204  (1889). 
"  A  species  of  Coccus  "  Downing.  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America, 

p.  66  (1890). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Riley-Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  III.,  p.  4  (1890). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Weed  (C.  M.)f  Bull.  Ohio  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  Vol. 

III.,  No.  4,  p.  128  (1890). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Packard,  Fifth  Rep.  U.  S.   Ent.  Com.,  p.   537 

(1890). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Weed  (C.  M.),   Insects  and  Insecticides,  p.  66 


Chionaspis  furfurus  Gillette,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  III.,  p.  259  (1891). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Weed  (C.  M.),  Ann.  Rep.   Colum.   Hort.   Soc., 

1890,  p.  16  (1891). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Troop,   Trans.    Ind,    Hort.    Soc.,    1891,  p.  75 


Chionaspis  furfurus  Morgan,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,Vol.  XXIX.,  p.  16  (1892). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Webster,  Bull.  Ohio  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  No.  45,  p. 

208  (1892). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Lintner,  Eighth  Ann.  Rep.  Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp. 

293,  299  (1893)- 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Lintner,   Ninth  Rep.  Inj.   Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp.  440, 

464  (1893). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Osborn,  Rep.  la.  St.  Hort.  Soc.,  Vol.  XXVII..  p. 

122  (1893). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Marlatt,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  120  (1894). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  J.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,   1894, 

p.  496  (1894). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Bruner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nebr.  St.  Hort.  Soc..  1894, 

p.  175  (1894). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  5  (1894). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Smith,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  186  (1894). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Howard,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXVL,  p.  354  (1894). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Howard,  Yearbook  U.  S.  Dept.   Agn,  1884,  p. 

259 


26 

Chionaspis  furfurus    Lintner,    Tenth    Ann.    Rep.  Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p. 


Chionaspis  furfurus  Fletcher,  Ann.  Rep.  Can.  Expt.  Farm,  1895,  p. 

148  (1896). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Howard,  Trans.    Mass.  Hort.  Soc.,  1896,  p.  89 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  furfurus   Lintner,   Eleventh   Ann.  Rep.  Inj.   Ins.    N.  Y., 

pp.  202,  271,  288  (1896). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Garman,  Eighth  Ann.  Rep.  Ky.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta., 

p.  XXXVII  (1896). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Smith,  Econ.  Ent.,  p.  119  (1896). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Coons,  Rep.  Sec.  Bd.  Agr.-  Conn.,    1896,    p.    16 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Starnes,  Bull.  Ga.  Ag'l.  Expt.   Sta.,  No.  36,  p. 

27  (1897). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Lowe,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  p.  582  (1897). 
Chionaspis  furfurus   Lintner,  Twelfth   Ann.  Rep.  Inj.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p. 

348  (1897). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Webster,  Bull.  Ohio  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  No.  81,  p. 

210  (1897). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Osborn,   Proc.    la.    Acad.    Sci.,   Vol.  V.,  p.  224 

(1898). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Gillette,    Bull.   Colo.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  No.  47,  p. 

12  (1898). 
Chionaspis  furfurus   Kirkland,    Mass.   Crop  Rep.,  June,  1898,  p.  28 

(1898). 

Chionaspis  furfurus  Pettit,  Bull.  Mich.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  p.  415  (1898). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  Osborn,    Contr.   from  Dept.   Zool.  and   Ent.  la. 

Ag'l.  Col.,  No.  3,  p.  4  (1898). 
Chionaspis  furfurus  var.  fulvus  King,  Psyche,    Vol.   VIII.,   p.   334 

(1899). 

EGG.  —  Length,  .25  mm.  Ellipsoidal  in  form,  reddish-purple  in 
color. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE.  —  Plate  2,  Fig.  7.  Length,  2.3  mm.  Decid- 
edly broadened  posteriorly,  slightly  convex,  thin  but  not  transparent; 
dirty  white  or  snow  white.  Exuviae  unusually  small  in  proportion 


27 

to  the  secreted  part ;  i  mm.  long ;  yellowish-brown.  The  first 
exuvia  is  often  brushed  off  leaving  only  the  second  which  is  .7  mm. 
long. 

FEMALE. — Plate  5,  Fig.  3  and  Plate  8,  Fig.  6.  Median  and  sec- 
ond pairs  of  lobes  well  developed  ;  third  pair  rudimentary.  Median 
lobes  broad  and  short,  entire,  plainly  striate  ;  with  oblique  thickened 
bars  at  their  bases.  Second  pair  usually  entire,  striate ;  inner  lobule 
larger  than  the  outer,  oblique  and  with  the  inner  edge  thickened. 
Third  pair  serrate,  striate,  usually  very  short  but  sometimes  fairly  well 
developed.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  i, 
4-9.  The  one  nearest  the  median  lobe  on  each  side  is  very  small 
and  blunt,  sometimes  wanting.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices 
absent.  Third  row  with  2 — 3  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  3 — 5  in 
the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  2 — 3  orifices  in  the  anterior 
and  2 — 4  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of  circumgenital 
gland-orifices,  7 — 16  ;  anterior  laterals,  22 — 32;  posterior  laterals, 
16 — 22. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  7  A.  Length,  .7 — .9  mm.  Sur- 
face above  rather  rough  in  texture  ;  distinctly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia 
pale  yellow,  occupying  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  scale. 

MALE. — Professor  Comstock  has  described  the  male  as  follows : 
"  Yellow,  marked  with  irregular  reddish-brown  spots  ;  thoracic  band 
reddish-brown,  sometimes  darker  than  the  other  markings.  Length 
of  body  including  style,  .62  mm.  (.02  inch)  ;  length  of  style,  .18  mm. 
(.0006  inch).  On  each  side  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  thorax  there 
is  a  black  spot  which  resembles  an  eye." 

I  have  never  seen  the  male  insect. 

REMARKS. 

Chionaspis  furfura  is  a  native  of  this  country  but  Morgan  discov- 
ered it  in  England  on  Ribes  sanguincum  which  had  been  carried  there 
from  America.  This  is  without  doubt  the  best  known  species  of  the 
genus  in  the  United  States,  occupying  the  same  position  in  this 
respect  that  salicis  does  in  Europe.  A  detailed  account  of  its  dis- 
tribution in  this  country  would  be  of  little  use  since  the  fact  that  the 
species  is  not  recorded  from  any  particular  locality  in  any  infested 
state  is  no  indication  that  it  does  not  occur  there.  A  list  of  the 
states  only  is  therefore  given.  It  has  been  recorded  by  various 


28 

authors  from  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  District  of  Columbia,  Tennessee, 
Georgia,  Kansas,  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri. 
Iowa,  Nebraska,  South  Dakota  and  Southern  California.  Dr. 
Fletcher  has  recorded  the  species  also  from  Leamington,  Ont., 
Canada. 

While  nurserymen  and  orchardists  as  well  as  entomologists  regard 
Chionaspis  furfura  of  less  importance  than  Mytilaspis  pomorum,  it 
is  admitted  to  be  very  destructive  at  times.  Prof.  Osborn  writing  of 
the  insect  says  :  "  This  species  is  at  times  very  plentiful  and 
destructive  in  our  orchards  and  whenever  seen  should  be  promptly 
treated."  Dr.  Lintner  says,  "This  scale  insect,  known  to  science  as 
Chionaspis  furfurus  (Fitch),  is  quite  common  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  where,  it  is  believed  to  be  more  numerous  and  more  injurious 
than  in  any  other  of  the  United  States.  I  have  recently  seen  an 
orchard  of  the  KiefTer  pear,  in  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  which  the 
trunks  of  from  three  to  four  inches  in  diameter,  were  so  thickly 
coated  with  the  scale  that  at  a  little  distance  they  appeared  as  if 
they  had  been  whitewashed."  I  have  frequently  seen  apple  and 
pear  trees  in  nurseries  in  Massachusetts  so  badly  infested  as  to  have 
the  appearance  described  by  Dr.  Lintner.  This  species  is  also 
occasionally  injurious  to  currant  and  Japanese  quince,  and  Dr.  L.  O. 
Howard  reports  it  as  being  so  abundant  on  Mountain  ash  in  the 
Catskill  mountains  that  hardly  a  twig  or  branch  was  found  unin- 
fested.  Prof.  Webster  has  quoted  Mr.  R.  B.  Fulton,  Oxford,  Miss., 
as  follows  :  "This  insect  has  been  ruinous  to  the  black-cap  rasp- 
berry in  this  vicinity  for  the  last  three  or  four  years.  Old  raspberry 
plants  have  been  dug  up  and  thrown  away  to  get  rid  of  the  pest.  .  .  . 
It  multiplies  so  fast  that  it  seems  useless  to  try  to  kill  it  by  any 
application  to  the  plant." 

Various  authors  have  already  published  this  species  as  infesting 
apple,  pear,  cherry,  currant,  Japan  quince,  crab-apple,  black  cherry, 
choke  cherry,  mountain  ash,  European  mountain  ash,  peach  and. 
black  walnut.  Mr.  King  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  has  'sent  me  speci- 
mens on  Rhamnus  catharticus  and  Clethra  alnifolia.  Mr.  Kirkland 
has  informed  me  of  its  occurrence  on  Pyrns  arbutifolia,  P.  nigra,  P. 
hetetophylla,  P.  salicifolia  pendula,  P.floribunda,  P.  spectabilis  and  P. 
pinnatifolia.  Prof.  Osborn  recorded  it  on  black-cap  raspberry  and 
Morgan  on  Ribes  sangiiineum. 


29 

The  female  usually  lays  from  thirty  to  fifty  eggs  though  Dr. 
Howard  has  recorded  seventy-five.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  fall 
and  hatch  in  the  latter  part  of  May  or  early  in  June  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  United  States,  while  in  the  latitude  of  Washington,  D. 
C.,  Dr.  Howard  has  found  them  hatching  "  quite  uniformly  "  about 
the  middle  of  May.  There  is  only  one  generation  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  country,  though  it  is  probable  that  farther  south,  two  or 
perhaps  three  occur.  Walsh  found  that  in  Illinois  the  eggs  are  not 
laid  "  until  about  the  end  of  September  or  sometimes  in  October." 

Usually  the  species  confines  its  attacks  to  the  twigs  of  the  tree 
though  occasionally  it  spreads  to  the  leaves  also.  Specimen  twigs 
of  Japanese  quince  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  bear  both 
male  and  female  scales  on  the  leaves.  Mr.  Kirkland  also  called  my 
attention  to  the  same  peculiarity. 

There  seems  to  be  a  very  general  tendency  among  the  Diaspinae 
to  secrete  the  scale  underneath  the  epidermis  of  the  bark  or  leaves 
of  the  host-plant  whenever  it  is  possible.  While  this  overlying 
epidermis  is  usually  readily  seen  with  the  naked  eye,  it  is  sometimes 
so  obscure  that  it  can  be  seen  only  by  means  of  a  hand  lens  or 
compound  microscope.  It  sometimes  happens  that  this  overlying 
foreign  matter  gives  a  species  a  very  different  appearance  when  on 
different  food  plants,  and  this  difference  in  appearance  has  led  some 
authors  to  establish  new  varieties.  Howardia  biclavis  detecta  was 
founded  on  the  absence  of  the  overlying  epidermis  on  the  female 
scale  while  it  is  present  in  typical  biclavis,  Mr.  Geo.  B.  King  who 
has  kindly  sent  me  some  very  desirable  scale  insects,  quite  recently 
established  the  variety  Chionaspis  furfurus  fulvus  taken  on  Rhamnus 
catharticus,  because  of  the  unusual  color  of  the  overlying  epidermis. 
It  does  not  seem  advisable  in  any  case  to  give  new  names  to  scale 
insects  because  of  a  difference  of  appearance  due  entirely  to  foreign 
matter. 

A  parasite,  Alberus  disiocampae  (Ashmead),  has  been  bred  by  Dr. 
Howard  from  this  insect.  Saunders  observed  a  mite,  Tyroglyphus 
mains  and  Gillette  a  Coccinellid  beetle,  Hyperaspidius  sp.  also  feed- 
ing on  the  species.  Various  authors  have  recorded  Chilocorus 
bivulnerus  as  predaceous  upon  it.  The  natural  enemies  of  C.fur- 
fura,  particularly  C.  bivulnerus  hold  this  insect  in  check  so  that 
remedial  measures  are  rarelv  necessarv. 


CHIONASPIS  PINIFOLIAE. 

Aspidiotus  pinifoliae  Fitch,    Tr.  N.  Y.    St.  Ag'l.    Soc.,   Vol.  XV.,    p. 

488  (1856). 

Aspidiotus  pinifoliae  Fitch,  Sec.  Rep.  Nox.  Benif.   Ins.  N.  Y.   (1856). 
Aspidiotus  pinifoliae   Fitch,  Tr.    N.-Y.   St.  Ag'l.    Soc.,   Vol.  XVII.,  p. 

741  (1858). 

Aspidiotus  pinifoliae  Fitch,  Fourth  Rep.  Nox.  Benif.  Ins.  N.  Y.  (1858). 
Aspidiotus  pinifoliae  Walsh.  Pract.  Ent.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  90  (1866). 
Mytilaspis  pinifoliae   LeBaron,   First    Ann.  Rep.   Nox.    Ins.  111.,  p. 

83  (1871). 
Mytilaspis  pinifolii   LeBaron,    Sec.    Ann.    Rep.    Nox.    Ins.    111.,    p. 

161  (1872). 
Mytilaspis  pinifoliae  Riley,  Fifth  Ann.  Rep.  Nox.  Benif.  Ins.  Mo.,  p. 

97  (1873). 
Mytilaspis  pinifoliae Bessey,  Rep.  la.   State  Ag'l.  Soc.,    1874,    p.  232 

(1875-) 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Com  stock,   Ann.  Rep.   U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,    1880, 

p.  318  (1881). 
Mytilaspis  pinifoliae  Packard,  Ins.  Inj.  to  Forest  and  Shade  Trees, 

Bull.  7,  U.  S.  Ent.  Com.,  p.  218  (1881). 

Chionaspis pinifolii  Riley,  Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  XVI.,  p.  514  (1882). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Saunders,  Rep.  Ent.  Soc.Ont.,  1883,  p.  52  (1884). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Lintner,    Sec.    Ann.    Rep.    Inj.    Ins.    N.  Y.,  p. 

184  (1885). 
Chionaspis  pinifolii  Lintner,   Fifth   Ann.    Rep.    Inj.    Ins.    N.    Y.,    p. 

266  (1889). 
Mytilaspis  pinifoliae  Packard,   Fifth  Rep.  U.    S.   Ent.    Com.,  p.  805 

(1890). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Lintner,    Seventh  Ann.    Rep.  Inj.   Ins.  N.  Y.,  p. 

384(1891). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Lintner,    Ninth  Ann.   Rep.    Inj.    Ins.  N.  Y.,   p. 

376  (1893). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Howard,  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.,  Tech. 

Ser.  No.  i,  pp.  13,  22,  52  (1895). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Comstock,  Man.  Study  Ins.,  p.  174  (1895). 


Chionaspis pinifolii  Gillette   and   Baker,   List   Hemipt.   Colo.,    Bull. 

Colo.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  No.  31,  p.  129  (1895). 
Chionaspis pinifoliae  Lintner,   Tenth  Ann.   Rep.    Inj.    Ins.  N.  Y.}  p. 

518(1895). 
Chionaspis  pinifolii  Lintner,    Eleventh  Ann.  Rep.  Inj.   Ins.  N.  Y.,  p. 

203  (1896). 
Chionaspis  pinifolii  Cockerell,  Bull.  N.  Mex.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,  No.  24, 

p.  38  (1896). 
Chionaspis   pinifoliae    Osborn,    Proc.    la.    Acad.    Sci.,    Vol.    V.,  p. 

224  (1898). 
Chionaspis  pinifoliae  Gillette,  Bull.  Colo.  Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,   No.  47,  p. 

36  (1898). 
Chionaspis  pinifolii  Pettit,    Bull.  Mich.   Ag'l.  Expt.  Sta.,    No.  160,  p. 

415  (1898). 

EGG. — Length,  .25  mm.     Ellipsoidal  in  form  ;  purplish  in  color. 

LARVA. — Length,  .3  mm.  Oval  in  outline,  broadest  anteriorly 
and  red  in  color. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Figs.  4  and  4  B.  Length,  3 — 4  mm. 
Usually  nearly  parallel-sided,  as  in  Mytilaspis,  but  occasionally  broad- 
ened posteriorly,  as  in  other  species  of  Chionaspis.  Strongly  con- 
vex ;  moderately  thick  in  texture  ;  snow-white  in  color  often  with  a 
glossy  surface.  Exuviae  i  mm.  long.  First  exuvia  nearly  colorless  ; 
second,  generally  bright  orange  but  occasionally  dull  yellowish-brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  8.  Lobes  thin,  almost  transparent,  striate, 
entire  ;  all  well  developed.  Median  lobes  separated  by  a  distance 
equal  to  about  one-third  the  width  of  a  lobe.  Second  and  third 
pairs  with  the  inner  lobule  larger.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as 
follows:  i,  i,  i,  i,  1-2,  1-3.  Moderately  long,  those  nearest  the 
median  lobes  and  those  in  the  fifth  group  being  shortest.  Both 
spines  near  the  median  lobes  short  and  small,  and  other  dorsal  ones 
quite  long.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  only  by 
the  anterior  group  consisting  of  2 — 4  orifices.  Third  row  with  4 — 5 
orifices  in  the  anterior  and  4 — 6  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row 
with  3 — 7  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  6 — 10  in  the  posterior  group. 
Median  group  of  eircumgcnital  gland-orifices,  7 — 13  ;  anterior  laterals, 
12 — 21  ;  posterior  laterals,  14 — 19. 


SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  4  A.  Length,  i — i.i  mm.  Slightly 
broadened  posteriorly,  smooth  in  texture,  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  pale 
yellow  or  colorless,  occupying  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
scale. 

MALE*. — Length  of  body  including  style  .3  mm.;  length  of  style 
.2  mm.  Uniformly  pale  red.  Eyes  black.  Antennae  as  long  as  the 
body,  ten-jointed ;  first  two  joints  short  and  thick,  the  others  longer, 
subequal  except  for  the  tenth  which  is  shorter.  Wings  large,  longer 
than  the  body.  Antennae  and  legs  bristly. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  is  a  native  of  this  country.  It  has  been  recorded 
from  Maine,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  District  of  Columbia,  Michi- 
gan, Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri,  New  Mexico,  Florida,  Colorado  and 
California.  There  are  also  specimens  in  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture from  Ohio  and  Washington  Territory.  It  is  a  very  common 
species  in  Massachusetts  and  has  also  been  sent  me  from  Toronto, 
Ont,  Canada.  Though  the  species  usually  exists  in  comparatively 
harmless  numbers,  it  occasionally  becomes  abundant  enough  to  be 
very  destructive.  The  fact  that  it  produces  two  broods  tends  natu- 
rally to  make  it  injurious.  Trees  on  which  it  has  become  very 
abundant  have  a  distinct  whitish  appearance  at  a  distance,  as  if 
sprinkled  with  snow.  Such  trees  are  sometimes  said  to  be  affected 
by  "  white  malady."  I  have  in  many  cases  received  leaves  of  pine 
and  spruce  almost  completely  covered  by  this  species  and  Dr.  Lint- 
ner  has  seen  hundreds  on  a  single  leaf  of  Pinus  austriaca  in  Wash- 
ington Park,  Albany,  N.  Y.  He  states  that  a  number  of  these  trees 
were  nearly  killed  by  this  scale  insect. 

The  insect  confines  itself  to  coniferous  trees  and  has  been 
recorded  by  various  authors  on  Pinus  strobus,  P.  resinosa,  P.  excelsa, 
P.  mitis,  P.  cembra,  P.  pyrenaica,  P.  laricis,  P.  sylvestris,  P.  austriaca 
and  P.  pumilio.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  contains  examples 
on  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  and  Abies  excelsa  and  I  have  received  speci- 
mens' on  Abies  nigra  from  Canada  and  Abies  alba  from  Massachusetts. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  the  insect  is  two-brooded 
and  passes  the  winter  in  the  egg  stage,  twenty  to  seventy  eggs  being 

*In  the  preparation  of  the  description  of  this  sex  I  have  had  for  examination  numerous 
dead  and  shrivelled  specimens  stuck  to  paper  points.    The  color  is  that  given  by  Walsh. 


33 

sheltered  under  each  scale.  The  first  brood  of  young  hatches  about 
the  middle  of  May.  I  have  seen  the  eggs  hatching  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  on  May  25,  while  LeBaron  has  seen  them  hatching  from  May 
10  to  May  25,  and  Dr.  Riley  as  early  as  April  25.  According  to 
LeBaron  the  first  eggs  which  hatch  produce  only  male  insects,  while 
those  which  hatch  last  produce  only  females.  The  larvae  crawl 
about  over  the  leaves  for  two  or  three  days  and  then  come  to  rest 
and  begin  feeding.  According  to  the  observations  of  the  author 
above  quoted  the  male  larvae  settle  entirely  on  the  old  leaves 
while  the  females  usually  migrate  to  the  tender  leaves  at  the  ends  of 
twigs.  It  would  seem  that  this  is  not  a  fixed  habit,  however,  as  I 
have  repeatedly  watched  this  insect  and  have  never  found  this 
marked  difference  in  the  place  of  settling  of  the  two  sexes.  Le- 
Baron attributed  the  habit,  as  he  observed  it,  to  instinct  on  the  part 
of  the  female  larvae  prompting  them  to  take  up  their  abode  on  the 
young  leaves  which  would  not  drop  to  the  ground  before  the  insects 
had  time  to  develop  and  produce  young.  The  male  insect  requires 
ten  days  for  the  development  of  its  scale  while  the  female  requires 
three  weeks.  Moreover,  as  has  been  said,  the  males  hatch  first  and 
are  therefore  first  to  begin  the  formation  of  their  scales.  The  male 
develops  so  much  more  rapidly  than  the  female  that  it  is  mature  just 
at  the  time  the  female  is  accomplishing  its  second  molt,  immediately 
after  which  copulation  takes  place. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  separate  the  two  broods  of  this  insect, 
the  time  of  hatching  extending  over  so  long  a  period,  for  scales  in 
all  stages  of  development  can  be  found  at  any  time  during  the  sum- 
mer. In  fact  I  am  not  at  all  sure  that  there  is  not  a  partial  or  com- 
plete third  brood  even  in  this  latitude.  LeBaron  discovered  that  by 
July  the  females  had  completed  their  development  and  had  com- 
menced laying  eggs.  These  eggs  began  hatching  by  the  first  of 
August  and  continued  till  the  middle  of  September.  These  eggs 
produce  the  second  brood  of  larvae  and  the  adult  females  resulting 
from  them  produce  the  eggs  which,  after  remaining  in  that  stage 
through  the  winter,  hatch  into  the  first  brood  of  the  following 
season.  Necessarily,  from  the  protracted  season  of  egg-laying  dur- 
ing the  summer  the  development  of  the  second  brood  is  very  irregu- 
lar and  no  precise  dates  can  be  given.  I  have,  however,  seen  living 
3 


34 

females  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  which  were  just  completing  the  process 
of  laying  eggs  on  December  6. 

Dr.  Howard  has  reared  Perissopterus  pukhellus  and  both  Dr.  Riley 
and  Dr.  Howard  have  reared  Aphelines  mytilaspidis  from  this  scale 
insect.  Chilocorus  bivulnerus  has  been  repeatedly  recorded  as  feed- 
ing on  it  and  Dr.  Riley  has  observed  the  Nitidulid  beetle,  Cybocepha- 
lus  nigritulus,  Scymnus  sp.,  Coccinella  picta  and  Chrysopa  sp.  in  the 
same  act. 


CHIONASPIS  PINIFOLIAE  HETEROPHYLLAE. 

Chionaspis  pinifoliae  heterophyllae  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXIX..  p. 
281  (1897). 

Chionaspis  pinifoliae  heterophyllae  Berlese,  Riv.  diPat.  Veg.,  Vol.  VI., 
p.  379  (1898). 

This  variety  is  indistinguishable  from  typical  C.  pinifoliae  except 
by  the  lobes  of  the  pygidium,  a  description  of  which  is  given  below. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  4.  Median  lobes  rather  small,  sometimes 
scarcely  perceptible,  rounded  at  the  extremities ;  divergent,  forming  a 
distinct  notch  in  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  on  the  median  line.  Sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  decidedly  reduced ;  third  pair  sometimes  wholly 
wanting ;  the  two  lobules  of  each  lobe  distinctly  separated  at  their 
bases.  See  PI.  7,  Fig.  4.  The  lobes  of  this  variety  differ  from 
those  of  C.  pinifoliae  in  being  much  smaller  and  less  distinct.  In 
pinifoliae  the  median  lobes  are  large  and  almost  spatulate  in 
form  while  in  C.  pinifoliae  heterophyllae  they  are  small  and  narrow. 
While  the  median  lobes  of  this  insect  form  a  distinct  notch,  this  is 
quite  different  from  the  notch  in  the  genus  Phenacaspis. 

REMARKS. 

This  variety  was  originally  described  from  specimens  on  Cuban 
pine,  Pinus  heterophylla,  'sent  me  by  Prof.  Quaintance  from  Florida. 
The  Department  of  Agriculture  contains  examples  on  Pinus  sylves- 
iris  from  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  on  Pinus  mitts  horn  St.  George,  Fla. 
On  Cuban  pine  the  insects  usually  occur  at  the  base  of  the  very 
long  slender  leaves.  I  have  also  seen  specimens  on  the  bark  of  the 
young  succulent  twigs. 


35 


CHIONASPIS  STANOTOPHRI  n.  sp. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  7.  Length,  2.2 — 2.6  mm. 
Moderately  elongated,  distinctly  convex,  firm  in  texture,  clear  white 
in  color.  Exuviae  .8  mm.  long ;  lemon-yellow  or  orange-yellow  in 
color. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  9.  Three  pairs  of  lobes  are  present. 
Median  pair  rounded,  divergent,  striate,  entire ;  separated  at  their 
bases  by  a  distance  nearly  equal  to  the  width  of  one  of  the  lobes. 
Lobules  of  the  second  pair  rounded,  entire,  striate.  Third  pair 
varying  in  degree  of  development ;  composed  of  two  broad,  short, 
striate,  entire  lobules.  The  lobes  are  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  darker 
than  the  remainder  of  the  pygidium.  In  general  appearance  the 
median  lobes  resemble  those  of  pinifoliae  but  they  are  further  apart. 
The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  1-2,  1-2,  1-2,3.  There 
are  four  distinct  spines  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  median  lobes, 
two  above  and  two  below.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  repre- 
sented by  the  anterior  group  consisting  of  i — 4  orifices.  Third  row 
with  4  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 6  in  the  posterior  group. 
Fourth  row  with  4  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  5 — 6  in  the  posterior 
group.  Median  group  of  circumgenital gland-orifices,  7 — 12;  anterior 
laterals,  18 — 24;  posterior  laterals,  15 — 17. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  7  A.  Length,  i — 1.2  mm.:  dis- 
tinctly tri-carinate.  Exuvia  lemon-yellow  or  brownish,  occupying 
scarcely  one-third  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

On  Buffalo  grass,  Stanotophrum  glabrum,  at  Cape  Town,  South 
Africa.  Collected  and  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  P.  Lounsbury  to  whom 
I  am  deeply  indebted  not  only  for  this,  but  also  for  many  other 
species  of  scale  insects. 

The  appearance  of  the  scales  on  the  inside  of  the  blades  of  grass 
where  they  are  exclusively  found  might  lead  one  to  mistake  this 
species  for  Chionaspis  spartinae  Comst.  There  is  no  perceptible 
ventral  scale,  however,  in  this  species,  while  there  is  a  very  distinct 
one  in  spartinae.  There  are  also  important  differences  in  the 
pygidia  of  the  two  insects. 


CHIONASPIS  PLATANI  n.  sp. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  2.  Length,  1.8 — 2  mm.  Mod- 
erately broadened  posteriorly,  dirty  white  in  color.  Exuviae  .7 — .9 
mm.  long,  pale  yellowish-brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  5.  Median  lobes  large,  well  developed, 
divergent,  with  conspicuously  serrate  edges.  Second  pair  well  devel- 
oped and  with  the  outer  lobule  much  smaller  than  the  inner  and 
often  obscurely  pointed  ;  obscurely  serrate  or  entire.  Third  pair 
with  the  inner  lobule  usually  well  developed  but  sometimes  rudimen- 
tary ;  outer  lobule  very  obscure  or  absent.  The  outer  lobules  are 
often  of  such  a  shape  as  to  produce  what  appears  to  be  a  median 
notch.  Examination  of  a  series  of  specimens,  however,  shows  the 
species  to  be  a  true  member  of  this  genus  and  not  of  Phenacaspis 
where  it  would  be  placed  if  it  possessed  a  true  median  notch.  The 
gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  i,  2-4.  The  one  next 
the  median,  on  each  side,  is  very  small,  often  almost  invisible. 
Those  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  pygidium  are  about  equal  to  the 
median  lobes  in  length.  The  spines  are  large  and  conspicuous. 
Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  only  by  the  anterior 
group  consisting  of  2 — 3  orifices.  Third  row  with  4 — 6  orifices  in 
the  anterior  and  2—4  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  4 — 8 
orifices  in  the  anterior  and  4 — 6  in  the  posterior  group.  Median 
group  of  circumgenital gland-orifices^  6 — 13  ;  anterior  laterals,  10 — 17; 
posterior  laterals,  io---i6. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  2  A.  Length,  .8 — .9  mm.  Par- 
allel-sided to  oval  in  outline.  Occasionally  very  feebly  unicarinate 
but  usually  without  carinae.  Exuvia  pale  yellowish-brown,  occupy- 
ing about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  can  be  readily  distinguished  from  all  others  in  the 
genus  by  the  large,  divergent  and  plainly  serrate  median  lobes.  The 
only  locality  in  which  the  species  is  known  to  occur  is  Riley  Co., 
Kansas  where  Mr.  P.  J.  Parrott  collected  it  on  sycamore.  I  am 
indebted  to  him  for  the  specimens  from  which  the  foregoing  descrip- 
tions were  made. 


37 

CHIONASPIS  HERBAE. 

Chionaspis  herbae  Green,  Coccidae  of  Ceylon,  Part  II.,  p.  132  (1899). 

EGG. — "  Eggs  numerous,  bright  yellow."     (Green). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  5.  Length,  2 — 2.75  mm. 
Moderately  broadened,  white,  opaque.  Exuviae  .9  mm.  long,  yel- 
lowish, brownish  or  almost  colorless. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  2.  Lobes  scarcely  darker  than  the  rest  of 
the  pygidium ;  striate,  more  or  less  serrate,  the  third  pair  usually 
more  distinctly  so  than  the  others.  Median  pair  rounded  or 
obscurely  pointed.  Lobules  of  the  third  pair  broad  and  short.  The 
gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  i,  i,  i,  3-4.  Second  row 
of  dorsal  gland-orifices  with  the  anterior  group  only  present,  number- 
ing 2 — 3  ;  third  row  with  2 — 3  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  7 — 9  in 
the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of  tircumgenital  gland-orifices, 
ii  — 16;  anterior  laterals,  20 — 27  ;  posterior  laterals,  14 — 26. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  5  A.  Length,  i.i  — 1.3  mm. 
Distinctly  tri-carinate  with  the  surface  rough.  Exuvia  pale  yellow. 

MALE. — "  Adult  male  bright  red.  Ocelli  black.  Rudimentary 
eyes  on  genae  obscurely  but  unmistakably  compound,  surrounded  by 
a  ring  of  pigment  spots.  Antennae  with  a  single  knobbed  hair  at 
apex.  Foot  with  three  digitules,  one  ungual  and  two  tarsal.  Length, 
.60  mm."  (Green). 

REMARKS. 

Found  on  stems  and  leaves  of  Panicum  sp.,  Ischaemum  ciliare, 
Ophismenus  compositus  and  various  other  grasses  in  Ceylon.  My 
specimens  were  sent  me  by  Mr.  Green,  the  author  of  the  species. 


CHIONASPIS  DYSOXYLI. 

Chionaspis  dysoxyli Maskell,  Trans.  N.  Z.Inst.,Vol.  XVII., p.  22(1884). 
Chionaspis  dysoxyli  Maskell,  Ins.  Nox.  to  Agr.  and  Plants  in   N.    Z., 

p.  55  (1887). 
Chionaspis  dysoxyli  Maskell,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.  XXII..    p.    135 

(1889). 
Chionaspis  dysoxyli  Maskell,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.  XXVII.,   p.   50 

(1894). 


38 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig,  6.  Length,  2 — 2.5  mm.  Dis- 
tinctly broadened  posteriorly,  moderately  thick,  pure  white,  or, 
when  occurring  on  the  stem  and  covered  with  epidermis,  dirty  white. 
Exuviae  .9  mm. long,  pale  orange-yellow,  often  with  an  indefinite  black 
spot  in  the  middle  of  the  second  exuvia.  First  exuvia  overlying  the 
second  more  than  half  its  length.  The  second  exuvia  is  very  thin  and 
the  dark  spot  in  the  middle,  when  present,  is  due  to  the  dead  body 
of  the  female  showing  through.  In  describing  the  scale  Maskell 
says,  "with  a  faint  pink  tinge  when  the  egg-mass  beneath  shows 
through." 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  i.  Median  lobes  moderately  well  devel- 
oped, set  closely  together,  rounded,  entire.  Second  and  third  pairs 
with  the  inner  lobule  longer  and  rounded  and  the  outer  lobule  smaller 
and  bluntly  pointed  ;  entire.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  fol- 
lows :  i,  i,  i,  i,  3-4.  The  first  gland-spine  is  nearly  as  long  as  the 
others.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  usually  absent  but  occa- 
sionally represented  by  the  posterior  group  consisting  of  about  two 
orifices.  Third  row  with  i — 3  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  3 — 5  in 
the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  i — 2  orifices  in  the  anterior 
and  5  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of  drcumgenital  glanc, 
orifices,  7 — 9;  anterior  laterals,  n — 16  ;  posterior  laterals,  7 — 2 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  6  A.  Length,  .8 — i  mm.  Par- 
allel-sided, very  distinctly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  orange-yellow,  extend- 
ing about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  can  be  distinguished  from  others  in  the  genus  by  the 
small  yet  distinct  lobes  and  the  thinness  of  the  second  exuvia.  The 
exuviae  resemble  those  of  Phenacaspis  cock'erelli  Cooley.  C.  dysoxyli 
has  been  taken  only  in  New  Zealand  where  it  appears  to  be  abund- 
ant and  injurious.  Maskell  says  of  it:  "  The  large  white  puparia  of 
this  insect  do  much  to  spoil  the  appearance  of  Dysoxylon,  one  of 
the  most  showy-leaved  plants  in  New  Zealand."  The  species  is 
most  frequently  found  on  the  leaves  and  often  occurs  clustered  along 
the  midrib.  The  food  plants  are  Dysoxylon  spcctabite.  Holier  ic^  angus- 
tifolia  and  Melicyttis  tamifrons. 


\J  A 

K 


39 


CHIONASPIS  WISTARIAE. 

Chionaspis  wistariae  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXIX.,  p.  280    (1897). 
Chionaspis  wistariae  Berlese,  Rivista  di  Patologia  Vegetale,  Vol.  VI., 
p.  379  (1898). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  5.  Length,  1.8 — 2.3  mm. 
Plainly  broadened  posteriorly,  rather  thin  in  texture,  dirty  white  in 
color.  Exuviae  .8  mm.  long,  brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  7,  Fig.  7.  Median  lobes  larger  and  more  conspic- 
uous in  proportion  to  the  other  lobes  than  is  usual  in  this  genus ; 
usually  parallel  in  general  direction,  though  sometimes  slightly  diverg- 
ent :  rounded  or  indistinctly  pointed  at  the  extremities,  firmly  united 
at  their  bases,  the  chitinous  thickened  process  which  unites  them 
extending  anteriorly  for  a  distance  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the 
lobes.  Second  pair  distinct  and  entire  but  much  smaller  than  the 
median  pair  ;  outer  lobule  smallerthan  the  inner.  Third  pair  usually 
obsolete  but  sometimes  represented  by  low,  serrate  prominences. 
The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  i,  1-2,  2-4.  The 
first  one  is  short  and  blunt,  scarcely  surpassing  the  median  lobes. 
Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented  only  by  the  anterior 
group  consisting  of  2 — 3  orifices.  Third  row  with  3 — 4  orifices  in 
the  anterior  and  4 — 5  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  3 — 4 
orifices  in  the  anterior  and  4 — 6  in  the  posterior  group.  Median 
group  of  circumgenital gland-orifices,  8 — 15  ;  anterior  laterals,  19 — 31; 
posterior  laterals,  13 — 23. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  5  A.  Length,  about  i  mm.  Sides 
nearly  parallel,  distinctly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  yellowish-brown, 
occupying  about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

This  insect  is  readily  distinguished  from  all  others  of  the  genus 
by  the  median  lobes.  The  only  insect  which  approaches  it  is  C. 
platani  but  in  that  species  the  median  lobes  are  longer  and  more 
plainly  serrate.  In  C.  wistariae  the  male  scale  is  very  plainly  cari- 
nated.  while  in  C.  platani  it  is  very  feebly  carinated  or  without 
carinae. 


40 

So  far  as  I  know  the  species  has  never  been  collected  since  Mr. 
Alexander  Craw  took  it  on  the  bark  of  Wistaria  arriving  at  San  Fran- 
cisco from  Japan  in  July  1897.  These  were  the  specimens  from 
which  the  species  was  originally  described. 


CHIONASPIS  CARYAE. 

Chionaspis  caryae  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXX.,  p.  86  (1898). 
Chionaspis  caryae  Berlese,  Riv.  di  Pat.  Veg.,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  379  (1898). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  3.  Length,  1.7 — 2.  mm. 
Irregular  in  form,  thick  in  texture,  dirty  white  in  color  ;  inconspicu- 
ous on  the  bark  of  the  host-plant.  Exuviae  .7  mm.  long,  dark 
brown.  The  first  exuvia  readily  distinguishable,  the  second  almost 
hidden  from  view  by  the  copious  secretion  which  covers  it. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Fig.  5.  Median  lobes  large,  distinct,  entire  ; 
with  the  inner  edges  fused  to  near  the  ends  of  the  lobes.  Often  with 
a  club-shaped  chitinous  process  extending  anteriorly  from  them  on 
the  median  line.  Second  and  third  pairs  more  or  less  serrate  ;  inner 
lobule  larger  than  the  outer.  Outer  lobule  of  the  third  lobe  often 
nearly  obsolete.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  i,  i, 
1-2,  5-7.  The  first  one  is  short  and  blunt.  Second  row  of  dorsal 
gland-orifices  represented  only  by  the  anterior  group  consisting  of 
i — 4  orifices.  Third  row  with  4 — 5  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  3 — 5 
in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  4 — 6  orifices  in  the  anterior 
and  4 — 5  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of  circumgenital 
gland-orifices,  12 — 19,  anterior  laterals,  21 — 29;  posterior  laterals, 

15 22. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  3  A.  Length,  .5 — .7  mm.  Ellip- 
tical in  outline  with  a  very  distinct  median  carina.  Exuvia  pale 
brown,  occupying  about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  has  no  near  relatives  so  far  as  is  known,  the  only 
insect  resembling  it  being  C.  americana,  which  also  has  the  inner 
edges  of  the  median  lobes  fused  together.  The  two  species  can  be 
readily  distinguished  by  the  lobes,  in  C,  americana  being  distinctly 


notched,  while  in  C.  caryae  they  are  entire.     There    are    also   other 
important  differences. 

The  specimens  from  which  the  foregoing  descriptions  were  made 
are  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  were  collected  on  the  bark 
of  "  Hickory  "  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


CHIONASPIS  AMERICANA. 

Chionaspis  americana  (Johnson  MS.)  Howard,  Bull.  U.S.  Dept.  Agr., 
Div.  Ent,  Tech.  Ser.  No.  i,  p.  44  (1895). 

Chionaspis  americana  Johnson,  Ent.  News,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  150  (1896). 

Chionaspis  americana  Johnson,  Bull.  111.  St.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IV., 
p.  390  (1896). 

Chionaspis  americana  Lugger,  First  Ann.  Rep.  Ent.  Minn.,  p.  129 
(1896). 

EGG. — Slightly  more  than  .2  mm.  long  ;  ellipsoidal ;  purplish. 

LARVA*. — Length  .22  mm.;  width  .13  mm.;  Ovate  in  outline, 
broadest  posteriorly.  Red.  Anal  filaments  distinct  except  at  the 
base  ;  about  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  body.  A  row  of  dark  spots 
along  the  lateral  margin  posteriorly. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  6.  Length,  2 — 3.2  mm.  Usu- 
ally broadest  near  the  middle.  Plainly  convex,  moderately  thick  in 
texture.  The  color  of  the  scale  itself  is  pure  white  but  it  is  often 
coated  by  a  black  sooty  substance  or  by  the  epidermis  of  the  bark 
which  affects  the  general  color  and  often  obscures  the  scale  from 
view.  Exuviae  .7  mm.  long,  brown,  often  almost  completely  hidden 
from  view  by  the  superficial  coatings  above  mentioned.  When 
removed  from  the  bark  a  conspicuous  white  scar  is  left. 

FEMALE. — Plate  8,  Figs.  3  and  4.  Broadest  toward  the  posterior 
end  ;  yellow  or  brownish,  the  central  portion  darkened  and  of  a  pur- 
plish tinge  when  containing  eggs.  Median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes 
well  developed  and  distinct ;  third  pair  sometimes  well  developed 
and  sometimes  very  obscure  or  absent.  A  club-shaped  process 
extending  anteriorly  from  between  the  median  lobes.  Median  lobes 

*The  description  of  the  larva  is  made  from  Johnson's  description  and  my  own  observation. 


42 

prominent,  fused  on  their  inner  edges  ;  with  a  distinct  notch  on  the 
outer  edge  of  each  lobe.  Second  lobe  obscurely  divided  into  an 
inner  and  outer  lobule.  Inner  lobule  a  little  oblique,  with  one  or 
two  notches  on  the  outer  edges  ;  outer  lobule  small,  entire  or  with 
one  notch.  Third  lobe,  when  present,  faintly  divided  into  two  lob- 
ules ;  inner  lobule  with  one  faint  notch  or  entire.  The  gland-spines 
are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  1-2,  2,  2-4,  5-7.  Those  in  the  second 
and  third  groups  are  often  forked  at  the  tip.  The  first  one  is  short, 
blunt  or  sometimes  wanting.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices 
entirely  absent.  Third  row  with  4 — 6  orifices  in  the  anterior  and 
4 — 5  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  o^  drcumgenital  gland- 
orifices,  20 — 30;  anterior  laterals,  18 — 42  ;  posterior  laterals,  20 — 30. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  6  A.  Length,  .7 — i  mm.  Sides 
parallel ;  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  pale  yellow,  occupying  about  two- 
fifths  of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

MALE. — Two  forms  of  males  occur  in  this  species  ;  one  with  fully 
developed  and  one  with  rudimentary  wings.  Both  forms  agree  as 
follows:  Length  of  body  .25  to  .35  mm.  Reddish  brown;  eyes 
prominent ;  antennae  yellowish  or  sometimes  pinkish,  ten-jointed, 
covered  with  stout  transparent  hairs.  Legs  stout,  lighter  in  color 
than  the  body  ;  tarsi  sparsely  hairy.  Style  about  .2  mm.  long,  of 
about  the  same  color  as  the  legs. 

In  the  form  with  fully  developed  wings,  these  organs  extend,  when 
folded  over  the  back,  a  little  beyond  the  tip  of  the  style  and  the 
halteres  are  well  developed.  In  the  other  form  the  wings  are  repre- 
sented by  mere  stubs  and  the  halteres  are  short  and  stout  and  lack 
the  terminal  hook.  I  have  never  seen  the  male  insect  and  have 
arranged  the  foregoing  description  from  that  published  by  Johnson. 

REMARKS. 

The  nearest  relative  of  C.  americana  is  C.  caryae.  The  two 
species  may  be  distinguished  by  the  fact  that  in  C.  americana  the 
median  lobes  are  notched,  while  in  C.  caryae  they  are  entire.  This 
species  is  a  native  of  North  America  and  so  far  as  known  has  been 
taken  in  no  other  country.  Professor  Johnson  described  it  from 
specimens  from  Illinois  and  stated  that  it  is  found  throughout  that 
state  and  in  Minnesota.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  contains 
examples  from  Stillwater,  Okla.;  Belton,  Tex.;  Oswego  and  Edger- 


43 

ton,  Kan.;  Kansas  City,  Kirkwood  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Bristol, 
Conn.,  and  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  It  occurs  throughout  the  state  of 
Massachusetts. 

This  species  sometimes  becomes  very  abundant  and  destructive 
to  some  extent.  Professor  Johnson  found  it  abundant  on  "virgin 
timber."  It  confines  its  attacks  to  elms  and  is  most  often  found  on 
Ulmus  americana  though  I  have  taken  it  on  Ulmus  montana  var. 
camperdown  pendula.  The  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the  egg  stage. 
At  Amherst,  Mass.,  the  eggs  hatch  about  the  middle  of  May,  the 
young  all  making  their  appearance  within  a  short  time  of  each  other. 
Professor  Johnson's  observations  show  that  the  insect  is  two-brooded. 
The  females  confine  themselves  to  the  bark  of  the  tree  and  can  be 
found  from  the  trunk  to  the  very  tips  of  the  twigs.  The  males  occur 
both  on  the  bark  and  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  The  female 
usually  lays  about  seventy  eggs  but  the  number  varies  from  a  very 
few  to  about  eighty-five. 

Prof.  Johnson  bred  two  parasites,  Perissopterus  pukhellus  and 
Physcus  varicornis,  from  the  species.  He  has  also  seen  the  larva  and 
adult  of  Chilocorus  bivulnerus  feeding  on  it. 


GENUS  HEMICHIONASPIS. 

Hemichionaspis  Cockerel!,  Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  XXXI.,  p.  592  (1897). 
Hemichionaspis  Cockerell,  First  Suppl.  Check-list  Coccidae :  Bull.  111. 
St.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  397  (1889). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  4.  More  or  less  pyriform  in 
outline,  though  sometimes  elongated  and  narrow.  Ventral  scale 
only  slightly  developed.  Exuviae  at  the  anterior  extremity,  the  first 
one  partly  overlying  the  second.  First  exuvia  naked,  second  more 
or  less  covered  by  secreted  matter.  Secreted  portion  varying  from 
white  to  brown  or  yellowish. 

FEMALE. — Plate  6,  Fig.  i.  Elongated,  broadened  posteriorly,  con- 
spicuously segmented.  Abdominal  segments  with  a  more  or  less 
distinct  group  of  small  nearly  circular  gland-orifices  on  each  side, 
more  distinct  near  the  pygidium  (Plate  6,  Fig.  6.).  More  or  less 
distinct  rows  of  oval  gland-orifices  on  the  dorsal  surface,  between 
the  segments.  A  group  of  gland-spines  on  each  side  of  the  abdom- 
inal segments,  more  distinct  near  the  pygidium  than  anteriorly. 
The  characters  of  the  pygidium  are  as  follows :  One,  two  or  three 
pairs  of  lobes  present.  Median  lobes  with  their  inner  edges  straight, 
parallel,  and  close  to  each  other  or  touching  for  their  entire  length, 
the  outer  edges  being  rounded  and  either  crenate  or  serrate.  These 
two  lobes  together  form  approximately  a  semi-circle,  and  are  darker 
than  the  other  lobes  (Plate  9,  Fig.  9.).  Lobes  of  the  second  and 
third  pairs,  when  present,  composed  of  two  lobules  of  which  the 
inner  is  larger  than  the  outer.  Gland-spines  simple  and  usually 
quite  large  and  conspicuous.  Spines  usually  plainly  visible  ;  those 
on  the  dorsal  longer  than  those  on  the  ventral  surface.  Circuwgen- 
ital gland-orifices  always  present  and  arranged  in  five  groups. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  4  A.  Elongated,  uni-carinate  or 
tri-carinate.  Ventral  scale  complete  forming  with  the  upper  part,  a 
tube.  Plate  i,  Fig.  4  A  represents  the  male  scale  of  aspidistrac,  the 
type  of  this  genus.  Plate  6,  Fig.  7,  shows  it  in  cross  section. 

REMARKS. 

This  genus  is,  as  a  rule,  tropical  in  its  range  of  distribution  though 
aspidistrae  has  been  found  far  north  of  the  tropics  in  greenhouses. 


45 

Prof.  Cockerell  in  his  original  descriptive  note  adopted  aspidistrae 
as  the  type  of  the  genus. 

SYNOPTIC  TABLE  OF   SPECIES. 

\  Scale  of  female  white, 2. 

Im      (  Scale  of  female  brown  or  yellowish,  ...         4. 

f Median  lobes  quite   small;  long  and  narrow.     See   Plate   9, 
J  Fig.  i,  .          .          .          .          .          .          .  dracaenae. 

j  Median  lobes  large  and  broad,  the  two  together  being  nearly 
(^semi-circular  in  outline,        ......         3. 

f  Marginal  gland  prominences  quite  well  developed  and  drawn 
|  out  into  a  slender  spine.     See  Plate  9,  Figs.  2  and  4, 
3.     -(  scrobicularum. 

|  Marginal  gland  prominences  not  well  developed,  at  least  not 
^ drawn  out  into  spines.     See  Plate  9,  Fig.  7,  rhododendri. 

(  Median  lobes  crenate.     See  Plate  9,  Fig.  5,  .         minor. 

4'     '(  Median  lobes  serrate.     See  Plate  9,  Fig.  6,     minor  strachani. 

(  Median  lobes  very  large,  dark  colored  and  conspicuous.     See 
!  Plate  9,   Fig.  10,  .         .         .         .         .          mussaendae. 

I  Median  lobes  small,  somewhat    sunken    into   the  pygidium. 
l^SeePlate9,  Fig.  3,      .         .         .         .         .         .  6. 

f  Female  scale  unusually  elongated  (Plate  i,  Fig.  3);  second 
j  exuvia  long  and  narrow  (Plate  i,  Fig.  3),  .  .  theae. 
6.  \  Female  scale  only  moderately  elongated  (Plate  i,  Fig.  4), 
|  second  exuvia  not  unusually  long  compared  with  its  width 
1^ (Plate  i,  Fig.  4),  aspidistrae. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  ASPIDISTRAE. 

Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,Ser.  4,  Vol.  IX., 

p.  443  (1869). 
Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Signoret,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  Ser.  4,  Vol.  IX., 

p.  444  (1869). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Maskell,    Trans.   N.  Z.  Inst.,   Vol.  XXIV.,  p. 

15  (1891). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Cotes,    Ind.    Mus.   Notes,    Vol.   II.,  No.  i,  p. 

17  (1891). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Maskell,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  70 

(1892). 


46 

Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Maskell,   Trans.   N.  Z.   Inst.,   Vol.   XXV.,  p. 

210  (1892). 
Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Maskell,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.  XXVI.,  p. 

68  (1893). 
Chionaspis  brasiliensis    Cockerell,    Jour.    Trinidad  Field  Nat.  Club, 

Vol.  I.,  p.  306  (1894). 
•Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Cotes,   Ind,  Mus.  Notes,  Vol.  III.,  No.  5,  p. 

52  (1894). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Cockerell,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat'l.Mus.,  Vol.  XVII., 

p.  620  (1895). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Newstead,   Ent.   Mo.  Mag.,   Vol.   XXXII.,  p. 

60  (1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Maskell,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol.  XXXII.,  p.  223 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Maskell,   Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.   XXIX.,  p. 

305  (1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Craw,   Fifth  Bien.   Rep.  St.  Bd.   Hort.  Calif., 

•P-  35  (1896). 
Chionaspis  latus  Cockerell,    Psyche,   Vol.   VII.,  (Supplement),  p.  21 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  latus  Cockerell,   Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.,  Tech. 

Ser.  4,  p.  53  (1896). 
Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Cockerell,   Bull.   Bot.   Dept.   Jam.,   Vol.  III., 

(N.  S.),  p.  257  (1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Craw,  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.,  Tech. 

Ser.  4,  p.  40  (1896). 

•Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Green,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  i  (1896). 
Chionaspis  brasiliensis  Maskell,   Ent.  Mo.   Mag.,  Vol.   XXXI  1  1.,   p. 

242  (1897). 
-Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Green,   Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol.   XXXIII.,  p.  70 


Chionaspis  brasiliensis    Cockerell,   Am.    Nat.,   Vol.    XXXI.,   p.    592 
(1897). 

EGG.  —  According  to  Mr.  Green  the  eggs  are  reddish-fulvous. 
LARVA.  —  Mr.  Green  states  that  the  newly   hatched  larvae  are   pale 
yellow. 


47 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  4,  Fig.  i.  Length,  1.8 — 2.6  mm.  Dis- 
tinctly broadened  posteriorly  and  usually  broadly  rounded  at  the 
extremity,  but  occasionally  bluntly  pointed.  Very  thin  and  delicate 
in  texture  or  moderately  thick  and  strong.  Pale  yellowish-brown  to 
brown.  Exuviae  .7 — .9  mm.  long,  of  the  same  color  as  the  secreted 
portion  of  the  scale  but  slightly  brighter. 

FEMALE. — Plate  6,  Fig.  i.  The  first  four  segments  anterior  to 
the  pygidium  very  pronounced,  being  often  produced  at  each  side 
into  a  conspicuous  protuberance.  First  and  second  pairs  of  lobes 
(Plate  9,  Figs.  8  and  9)  well  developed,  third  pair  very  rudimentary 
or  wanting.  Each  median  lobe  with  three  distinct  notches  on  the 
outer  curved  edge.  Lobules  of  the  second  lobe  long  and  narrow, 
spatulate  in  form ;  edges  thickened  at  the  base.  The  gla?id-spines 
are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  i,  2-5.  As  a  rule  the  fifth  group 
contains  2-3  spines,  but  in  one  specimen  I  observed  5.  The 
marginal  gland-orifice  between  the  first  and  second  lobes  is  situated 
on  a  large,  conspicuous  prominence.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland- 
orifices  wholly  absent.  Third  and  fourth  rows  with  2 — 5  orifices  in 
their  posterior  groups.  Anterior  groups  absent.  Median  group  of 
circum^enital  gland-orifices,  5  — 15;  anterior  laterals,  15 — 22;  poste- 
rior laterals,  17 — 23. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  4  A.  Length,  i — 1.3  mm.  Exuvia 
bright  yellow. 

REMARKS. 

This  species  agrees  with  theae  Mask,  in  having  the  female  scale 
brown,  but  may  be  separated  from  that  species  by  a  broader  second 
exuvia.  Plate  6,  Fig.  2  represents  the  second  exuvia  of  aspidistrae 
and  Fig.  3,  of  the  same  plate,  theae.  Superficially  the  female  scale 
of  miissaendae  resembles  the  two  species.  In  mussaendae,  however, 
the  median  lobes  are  much  larger  and  darker  in  color.  In  his  origi- 
nal description  of  aspidistrae,  Signoret  did  not  state  where  his  spec- 
imens were  procured,  hence  we  may  reasonably  infer  that  they  were 
from  France.  He  plainly  states,  however,  that  his  specimens  of 
brasihensis  were  from  Bahia,  Brazil,  and  as  this  species  is  now  con- 
sidered a  synonym  of  aspidistrae,  it  would  seem  that  aspidistrae  was 
originally  known  from  France  and  Bahia,  Brazil.  It  has  since  been 
found  in  Trinidad  (Urich  and  Hart),  Ceylon  (Green),  South  Aus- 


48 

tralia  (Maskell),  Formosa  (Maskell),  India  (Maskell),  England 
(Newstead),  Japan  (Craw  and  Cockerell),  and  California  (Cockerell). 
In  Part  II.,  of  his  "  Coccidae  of  Ceylon,"  p.  1 1 1,  Green  states  that  this 
is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  species  of  the  genus  (meaning 
the  genus  Chionaspis  in  its  widest  sense)  found  in  Ceylon.  He  also 
states  in  the  same  paragraph  that  it  is  a  common  greenhouse  pest 
in  Europe.  I  have  taken  this  insect  on  various  species  of  ferns  in 
the  greenhouses  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Though  reported  from  only  two  places  in  the  United  States, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  California,  it  is  probable  that  the  species 
occurs  in  greenhouses  in  many  other  localities  in  this  country. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  specimens  on  Aspidis- 
tra and  an  unknown  plant.  Maskell  recorded  it  on  Orchia,  Areca 
catechu  and  Thea.  Green  took  it  on  Acacia  melanoxylon,  Strobilan- 
thus  viscosus.  Capparis  moorrii,  Amcmum,  Ficus,  Cyanotus,  Crotou, 
Alocasia,  Pothos.  Gaultheria  fragrans,  Cocos  plumosa,  Helichonia 
metallica,  "Pepper"  and  "Mango."  Cockerell  found  it  on 
"  Orange  "  and  various  authors  have  taken  it  on  different  species  of 
cultivated  ferns. 

This  species  has  never  been  regarded  as  particularly  destructive 
except  in  India  and  Ceylon  where  Mr.  E.  Cotes  and  Mr.  E.  E.  Green 
have  found  it  to  be  of  considerable  economic  importance.  Mr. 
Cotes  writing  in  Indian  Museum  Notes,  Vol.  II.,  No.  i,  p.  17(1891;, 
states  that  examples  were  received  from  Mr.  Marshall  Woodrow  of 
Poona  which  had  been  taken  from  Suparee  nut  palm,  Areca  catechu, 
in  Janjira  State,  on  the  coast,  about  eighty  miles  south  of  Bombay. 
It  was  estimated  that  the  productiveness  of  the  affected  trees  had 
been  reduced  to  one-tenth  the  usual  amount.  The  trees  had  been 
suffering  from  attacks  by  this  insect  for  twenty-five  years  and  had 
been  especially  injured  during  the  last  six  or  seven  years.  The 
insects  were  determined  as  aspidistrae  by  Mr.  Maskell.  Green  says, 
"  The  colonies  are  often  very  extensive  and  this  species  must  be 
considered  a  distinctly  injurious  one.  I  have  frequently  seen  young 
Areca  palms  in  which  every  frond  was  covered  on  both  sides  with 
the  insects,  the  fronds  appearing  yellow  instead  of  green,  from  the 
multitude  of  discolored  spots,  each  one  of  which  marks  the  position 
of  one  of  the  insects." 

The  only  natural  enemy  of  aspidistrae  of  which  I  have  found  any 
record  is  the  Coccinellid  beetle,  Chilocorus  circumdatus,  which  Mr. 


•49 

Green  found  doing  good  service  in  reducing  the  numbers  of  this 
scale  insect.  He  says  of  it,  "  I  have  frequently  found  the  remains 
of  a  large  colony  of  this  bug  in  which  every  scale  had  been  opened 
and  the  contents  devoured  by  this  beetle,  which  is  equally  voracious 
in  both  the  larval  and  adult  stages." 

An  extended  and  critical  study  of  examples  of  lata  Ckll.  and  bra- 
siliensis  Sign,  convinces  me  that  they  are  synonyms  of  aspidistrae 
Sign.  The  specimens  of  lata  Ckll.  which  I  have  had  for  examina- 
tion are  cotypes,  of  which  a  part  were  sent  me  by  Prof.  Cockerell, 
and  a  part  were  from  the  collections  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. In  his  original  description  of  this  species  Cockerell  lays 
particular  stress  on  the  shape  of  the  female  scale  which  is  very  broad 
for  its  length,  and  this  character  seemed  to  him  sufficient  to  separate 
the  specimens  from  other  known  species.  My  examination  of  the 
specimens  convinced  me  that  they  were  immature  and  that  the  scales 
had  been  only  partly  formed.  I  was  led  to  this  conclusion  by  the 
fact  that  no  eggs  or  egg  shells  were  found  under  the  scales  or  within 
the  bodies  of  the  females.  No  appreciable  structural  differences 
could  be  found  on  the  insects  themselves  by  which  to  separate  them 
from  aspidistrae.  A  female  scale  of  lata  Ckll.  is  shown  on  Plate  i, 
Fig.  2.  Various  authors  have  suggested  that  brasiliensis*  should  be 
placed  as  a  synonym  of  aspidistrae,  there  being  no  structural  differ- 
ences of  sufficient  value  to  separate  them.  Having  at  my  disposal  a 
very  long  series  of  both  aspidistrae  and  brasiliensis  and  having 
before  me  all  that  has  been  written  on  the  affinities  of  the  species  I 
endeavored  to  trace  out  the  distinctions  by  which  Signoret  separated 
the  two  species  at  the  outset.  This  resulted  in  a  total  failure  and 
led  me  to  unite  the  two  species  under  the  name  of  aspidistrae,  which 
by  priority  of  position  should  be  retained  in  preference  to  brasiliensis 
as  Signoret's  description  of  aspidistrae  precedes  that  of  brasiliensis 
in  the  same  paper. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  MUSSAENDAE. 

Chionaspis  aspidistrae  Sign.  var.  mussaendae  Green,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes, 
Vol.  IV.,  p.  i  (1896). 

*According  to  Mr.  Nevvstead  no  cotypes  of  brasiliensis  are  preserved  at  the  Hof-Museum 
at  Vienna. 


5° 

Chionaspis  aspidistrae  var.  mussaendae  Maskell,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  Vol. 

XXXII.,  p.  224  (1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  var.  mussaendae  Maskell,    Trans.    N.  Z.  In  St., 

Vol.  XXIX.,  p.  306  (1896). 
Chionaspis  mussaendae  Green,   Coccidae  of  Ceylon,    Part  II.,  p.  117 

(1899). 

EARLY  STAGES. — "Eggs  and  young  larvae  brownish  red."  (Green). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  i.  Length,  2.4 — 2.3  mm. 
Elongated,  broadened  posteriorly,  the  anterior  portion  often  quite 
narrow  ;  grayish  white  in  color.  Exuviae  .8 — .6  mm.  long,  brown  in 
color. 

FEMALE. — Segmentation  very  distinct  toward  the  posterior  end  of 
the  body.  Median  lobes  (Plate  9,  Fig.  10)  very  large  and  conspicu- 
ous ;  crenate  on  their  outer  edges,  the  crenations  gradually  decreas- 
ing in  size  from  the  inner  edge  of  each  lobe  outward.  Second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  absent.  Gland-spines  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i, 
i,  1-2,  5-6.  The  one  nearest  the  median  lobes  small  and  obscure. 
The  marginal  gland-orifice  next  to  the  median  lobes  is  on  a  broad 
and  conspicuous  protuberance.  The  dorsal  gland-orifices  are  few  in 
number.  Second  row  absent ;  third  and  fourth  rows  represented 
only  by  their  posterior  groups  numbering  2 — 3  and  2 — 6  respect- 
ively. Median  group  of  circumgenital gland-orifices,  17 — 29  ;  anterior 
laterals,  26 — 40  ;  posterior  laterals,  22 — 35. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  i  A.  Length,  1.3  mm.  Very 
distinctly  tricarinate.  Exuvia  pale  brownish-yellow. 

MALE. — "  Adult  male  bright  brick-red.  Form  normal.  Antennae 
with  a  single  knobbed  hair  at  extremity.  Foot,  with  one  tarsal  and 
one  ungual  digitule.  Tarsus  nearly  as  long  as  tibia.  Length  rather 
more  than  i  mm."  (Green). 

REMARKS. 

Found  in  Ceylon  on  Mitssaenda  frondosa  and  occasionally  on 
Loranthus  and  Debregaesia.  The  male  scales  occur  crowded 
together  in  groups,  each  individual  being  attached  to  the  bark  only 
at  the  anterior  extremity,  the  rest  of  the  scale  being  elevated  and 
lying  on  the  backs  of  the  scales  next  behind  it. 

Mr.  Green  states  that  the  female  insect  is  frequently  parasitized  by 
the  minute  hymenopteron,  Aphelinus  diaspidis  How. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  THEAE. 

Chionaspis  theae  Maskell,    Ind.    Mus.    Notes,   Vol.  II.,  No.  i,  p.  60 

(1891). 
Chionaspis  theae  Cotes,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes,  Vol.  II.,  No.  6,  p.  168 

(1893)- 
Chionaspis  theae  Cockerell,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XVII.,  p.  620 


Chionaspis  exerritata   Green,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes,   Vol.  IV.,  No.  i,  p.  2 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  aspidistrae  var.    theae   Maskell,    Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol. 

XXIX.,  p.  305  (1896). 
Chionaspis  theae  Cotes,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes,  Vol.  III.,  No.  i,  pp.  24,  25 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  theae  Cotes,  Ind.  Mus.  Notes,  Vol.  III.,  No.  4,  pp.  39,  60 

(1896). 
Chionaspis  theae  Green,  Coccidae  of  Ceylon,  Part  II.,  p.  113  (1899). 

EARLY  STAGES.  —  "  Eggs  and  larvae  dull  red."     (Green). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE.  —  Plate  i,  Fig.  3.  Length,  2  mm.  Usually 
quite  narrow  though  occasionally  as  broad  as  in  aspidistrae  \  brown. 
Exuviae  .9  mm.  long,  of  the  same  color  as  the  secreted  portion. 

FEMALE.  —  Elongated,  rather  narrow  ;  segmentation  indistinct 
except  toward  the  posterior  end  where  it  is  extended  into  broad 
prominences.  Plate  6,  Fig.  4.  Median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes 
present.  Plate  9,  Fig.  3.  Median  pair  rather  small,  as  in  aspidistrae, 
distinctly  crenate,  brown.  Lobes  of  the  second  pair  divided  into 
two  spatulate  lobules,  the  inner  one  being  longer  than  the  outer. 
The  gland-spines  nearest  the  median  lobes  are  small  and  obscure 
while  those  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  pygidium  are  large  and  con- 
spicuous, those  between  being  intermediate  in  size.  They  are 
arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  1-2,  2.  The  marginal  gland-orifice 
between  the  median  and  second  lobe  on  each  side  is  situated  on  a 
conspicuous  prominence.  The  dorsal  gland-orifices  are  few  in  num- 
ber. Second  row  wholly  absent  ;  third  and  fourth  rows  represented 
only  by  their  posterior  groups,  numbering  i  —  2  orifices  each, 
Median  group  of  circnmgenital  gland-orifices,  6  —  7  ;  anterior  laterals. 
13  —  15  ;  posterior  laterals,  10  —  13. 


52 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  i,  Fig.  3  A.  Length,  i — 1.2  mm.  Very 
distinctly  tri-carinated.  Exuvia  brownish-yellow. 

MALE. — "Adult  male  bright  red  ;  apodema  paler ;  legs  yellowish. 
Ocelli  large,  black  ;  lower  pair  separated  by  nearly  their  own  diameter. 
Rudimentary  eyes  not  apparent.  Antennae  as  long  as  the  body  of 
the  insect.  Tenth  joint  much  shorter  than  the  ninth,  a  curved 
knobbed  hair  at  its  apex.  Foot  with  two  digitules  (one  ungual  and  one 
tarsal).  Tarsus  as  long  as  tibia.  Length  about  i  mm."  (Green). 

REMARKS. 

This  species  can  be  readily  distinguished  from  aspidistrae,  its 
nearest  relative,  by  the  second  exuvia  being  quite  narrow  and  elon- 
gated. See  Plate  6,  Figs.  2  and  3. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  specimens  on  tea  from 
Kangra  Valley,  Northern  India.  Mr.  Green  has  also  found  it  in 
Ceylon  on  Pyscatoria  as  well  as  on  tea.  This  species  has  not  been 
reported  as  causing  very  much  damage,  though  its  presence  on  the 
tea  plants  seems  to  have  caused  some  apprehension  among  the 
growers. 

The  male  scales  occur  in  groups,  the  different  individuals  lying 
with  their  anterior  extremities  all  pointing  in  the  same  direction,  the 
scales  being  in  parallel  positions. 

Mr.  Cotes  has  recorded  the  small  Hymenopterous  parasite  Aphe- 
linus  theae  Cotes,  as  an  enemy  to  this  scale  insect. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  MINOR. 

Chionaspis    minor  Maskell,    Trans.    N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.  XVII.,  p.  33 

(1884). 
Chionaspis  minor  Maskell,  Ins.  Nox.  to  Agr.  and  Plants  in  N.  Z.,  p. 

56  (1887). 
Chionaspis   minor   Maskell,    Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  Vol.    XXV.,  p.  210 

(1892). 
Chionaspis   minor    Cockerell,    Ent.    Mo.   Mag.,   Vol.    XXIX.,    p.  17 


53 

Chionaspis  minor  Cockerell,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  V.,  pp.  160,  246  (1893). 
Chionaspis  timidus  Riley  &  Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  50  (1893). 
Chionaspis  angustior    Riley  &  Howard,    Ins.    Life,    Vol.    VI.,    p.  50 

(1893)- 

Chionaspis  minor  Riley  &  Howard,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.,  VI.,  p.  50  (1893). 
Chumaspis  minor  Cockerell,  Ins.  Life,  Vol.  VI.,  pp.  102,  103  (1893). 
Chionaspis  minor  Maskell,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  10 

(1894). 
Chionaspis  minor  Cockerell,  Ent.  News,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  157  (1895). 

Chionaspis  minor  Cockerell,  Bull.  Bot.  Dept.  Jam.,  Vol.  III.  (N.  S.), 
p.  257  (1896). 

Chionaspis  minor  Cockerell,  Jour.  Trinidad  Field  Nat.  Club.,  Vol.  II., 
p.  307  (1896). 

Chionaspis  minor  Cooley,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXX.,  p.  89  (1898). 

Chionaspis  albizziae  Green,    Coccidae    of   Ceylon,    Part    II.,  p.  115 
(1899). 

EGG. — "Orange,  numerous."     (Cockerell). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  4.  Length,  1.8 — 2.3  mm. 
Elongated,  broadened  posteriorly.  Moderately  thick  in  texture, 
white.  Exuviae  .7  mm.  long,  yellowish-brown. 

FEMALE. — Plate  6,  Fig.  8.  Median  lobes  distinctly  darker  than 
the  rest  of  the  pygidium  ;  outer  edge  of  each  divided  into  from  two 
to  four  crenations.  Second  pair  rudimentary  or  wanting  ;  occasion- 
ally fairly  well  developed.  Third  pair  wanting.  The  gland-spines 
are  arranged  as  follows:  i,  i,  i,  i,  2-3.  The  marginal  gland- 
orifice  nearest  the  median  lobes  is  situated  on  a  broad  conspicuous 
prominence.  Dorsal  gland-orifices  few  in  number.  Second  row 
wholly  absent.  Third  and  fourth  rows  with  posterior  groups  num- 
bering i — 3,  their  anterior  groups  being  either  absent  or  replaced 
by  small  and  obscure  almost  circular  orifices.  Median  group  of 
circumgenital  gland-orifices,  6 — n;  anterior  laterals,  12 — 20;  pos- 
terior laterals,  10 — 18. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  3.  Fig.  4  A.  Length,  .9  mm.  Very  dis- 
tinctly tri-carinate.  Exuvia  yellowish-brown. 


54 

REMARKS. 

This  insect  was  first  found  in  New  Zealand  from  which  country 
Maskell  originally  described  it.  Cockerell  has  frequently  recorded 
it  from  the  West  Indies  and  I  have  also  published  its  occurrence  in 
Panama  and  Florida.  The  species  is  very  common  in  the  West 
Indies  and  it  is  probable  that  these  islands  are  its  original  home. 

Maskell  has  taken  the  insect  on  Parsonia,  Rhipogonum  sc'andens  • 
Cockerell  on  Hibiscus,  Capsicum,  Pelargonium,  "  Cotton,"  "  Pep- 
per," u  Cocoanut-palm  "  and  I  have  recorded  it  on  Melia  azedarach 
also. 

Of  its  destructiveness  Cockerell  says,  "  From  its  frequent  abund- 
ance, it  becomes  quite  troublesome  on  garden  plants."  I  have  been 
informed  by  Prof.  Quaintance  that  the  species  severely  attacks  the 
"  China-trees "  (Me/la  azedarach}  at  Braidentown,  Fla.  and  many 
trees  were  said  to  have  been  apparently  killed  by  it.  From  what  we 
know  of  the  species  it  must  be  considered  a  very  injurious  one. 
From  the  above  list  of  food  plants  it  will  be  seen  that  the  insect  has 
been  known  to  attack  cotton  plants  and  should  it  become  established 
in  the  cotton  fields  of  our  southern  states  it  might  prove  a  serious 
pest. 

Cockerell's  unpublished  variety  timida  I  believe  to  be  a  synonym 
of  minor  for  reasons  given  in  the  remarks  under  Chionaspis  furfura. 
Green's  species  albizziae  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  should  also  be 
placed  as  a  synonym  of  minor,  as  I  am  unable  to  separate  the  two.  I 
have  had  for  examination  specimens  of  albizziae  received  direct  from 
Mr.  Green.  I  regret  that  I  was  unable  to  inform  him  of  my  conclu- 
sion regarding  this  insect  before  his  manuscript  on  the  species  for 
Part  II.,  of  his  "Coccidae  of  Ceylon  "  had  gone  to  press.  I  think  it 
probable  that  Mr.  Green  has  never  had  specimens  of  minor  for 
examination. 

Mr.  Green  states  that  albizziae  is  extensively  preyed  upon  by  the 
Coccinellid  beetle,  Chilocoms  circumdatus  and  is  also  parasitized  by 
the  hymenopterous  insects,  Prospalta  aurantii  and  Aphelinus 
diaspidis. 

HEMICHIONASPIS  MINOR  STRACHANI  n.  var. 

This  variety  differs  from  typical  minor  in  having  the  exuviae  of 
the  female  scale  rather  darker  and  contrasting  more  strongly  with 


55 

the  secreted  portion,  and  in  having  the  median  lobes  broader  in 
proportion  to  their  length  and  more  finely  and  less  distinctly  crenate. 
See  Plate  9,  Fig.  6. 

REMARKS. 

On  an  unknown  plant  from  Aboekuta,  Egbaland,  West  Africa. 
Collected  by  Dr.  Henry  Strachan  and  sent  to  Prof.  Cockerell  who 
turned  the  specimens  over  to  me. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  SCROBICULARUM. 

Chionaspis  scrobicularum  Green,  Coccidae  of  Ceylon,  Part  II.,  p.  121 
(1899). 

EARLY  STAGES. — "Eggs  and  larvae  pale  yellow."     (Green). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Length,    i    mm.;    white,    opaque.     Exuviae 
pale  yellowish. 

FEMALE. — Usually  one  pair  of  lobes  present  (Plate  9,  Fig.  2.), 
large,  very  prominent,  crenate  or  serrate  on  the  outer  edges  ;  num- 
ber of  crenations  or  teeth,  five  or  six.  Occasionally  the  second  pair 
of  lobes  is  represented  by  the  merest  rudiments  of  lobes.  The 
gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows,  i,  i,  1,1,  1-2.  They  are 
quite  long  and  slender.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  gland-spines  are 
other  spines  almost  precisely  like  them  in  shape  and  appearance, 
but  not  supplied  with  the  long  tubular  gland-ducts  leading  through 
them.  These  are  prolongations  of  the  prominences  on  which  are 
located  the  marginal  gland-orifices.  See  Plate  9,  Fig.  4.  The  dorsal 
gland-orifices  are  numerous  and  conspicuous.  First  and  second  rows 
absent.  Third  row  with  3 — 8  orifices  in  the  anterior  and  7 — 9  in 
the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  6 — 9  orifices  in  the  anterior 
and  6 — 8  in  the  posterior  group.  In  addition  to  these  gland-orifices 
are  numerous  others  which  are  much  smaller  and  less  conspicuous. 
These  seem  to  have  no  very  definite  arrangement  but  are  most 
numerous  in  the  space  between  the  lobes  and  the  circumgenital 
gland-orifices.  Median  group  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices  number- 
ing 9 — 14  ;  anterior  laterals,  22 — 26  ;  posterior  laterals,  16 — 18. 


56 

t 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Length  about  i  mm.  Rather  irregular  in 
form  and  feebly  carinated. 

MALE. — "  Adult  male  bright  reddish  ;  of  normal  form.  Terminal 
joint  of  antenna  shorter  than  ninth  ;  broad  at  base  ;  the  narrowed 
apical  portion  conspicuously  darker  after  staining  ;  a  curved  knobbed 
hair  at  apex.  Foot  with  three  digitules,  one  on  claw  and  two  on 
tarsus.  Length  including  genital  sheath,  .75  mm."  (Green). 

REMARKS. 

Found  in  Ceylon  in  the  small  pits  at  the  base  of  the  veins  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Elaeocarpus  amoenus.  The  number 
in  a  single  pit  varies  from  one  to  many.  Where  several  are  crowded 
into  one  pit  they  lose  the  elongated  shape  usual  in  this  genus  and 
become  irregular  in  form. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  RHODODENDRI. 

Chionaspis  rhododendri  Green,  Coccidae  of   Ceylon,  Part  II.,  p.  119 
(1899). 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  3,  Fig.  9.  Length,  1.2 — 1.5  mm. 
More  or  less  elongated,  decidedly  broadened  posteriorly,  sometimes 
being  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Very  thin  and  delicate  in  texture  ; 
white  or  very  pale  yellow.  Exuviae  .5 — .8  mm.  long,  pale  brownish 
yellow  or  almost  colorless. 

FEMALE. — Elongated,  segmentation  moderately  distinct.  Median 
lobes  (Plate  9,  Fig.  7),  large  and  conspicuous,  only  slightly  colored  ; 
the  exposed  edge  of  each  lobe  divided  into  about  five  obscure  crena- 
tions.  Second  lobe  very  obscure  or  absent ;  third  lobe  absent. 
Gland-spines  short  and  almost  conical  in  form.  They  are  arranged 
as  follows :  i,  i,  i,  1,2-4.  Dorsal  gland-orifices  few  in  number. 
Second  row  absent ;  third  and  fourth  rows  represented  only  by  their 
posterior  groups  each  containing  i — 3  orifices.  Median  group  of 
circumgenital  gland-orifices  numbering  6 — 9  ;  anterior  laterals, 
ii — 15  ;  posterior  laterals,  n  — 15. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  9,  Fig.  9  A.  Length,  .8 — i  mm. 
Plainly  tri-carinate.  Exuvia  pale  yellow  or  colorless. 


57 

REMARKS. 

Found  in  Ceylon  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Rhododen- 
dron arboreum.  The  insects  are  hidden  beneath  the  densely  felted 
hairs  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  and  can  be  detected  only  by 
the  small  yellow  discolored  spots  on  the  upper  surface.  Mr.  Green 
states  that  a  very  large  proportion  are  destroyed  by  parasites. 


HEMICHIONASPIS  DRACAENAS  n.  sp. 

SCALE  OF  FEMALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  9.  Length,  1.3 — 1.6  mm. 
Pyriform,  thin  and  delicate  in  texture  ;  white.  Exuviae  .6  mm.  long, 
brownish  in  color. 

FEMALE. — Broad,  nearly  oval  in  outline,  feebly  segmented. 
Median  lobes  (Plate  9,  Fig.  i.)  quite  long  and  narrow,  irregularly 
crenate,  usually  slightly  separated  along  their  inner  edges.  Lobules 
of  the  second  pair  small  and  inconspicuous.  Third  pair  wanting. 
The  glajid-spines  are  arranged  as  follows  :  i,  i,  i,  i,  3.  The  marginal 
gland-orifices  are  quite  conspicuous,  the  first  one  being  placed  on  a 
broad  prominence.  The  dorsal  gland-orifices  are  very  few  in  number 
and  can  scarcely  be  reduced  to  a  formula.  Median  group  of  circum- 
genital  gland-orifices,  6 — 7  ;  anterior  laterals,  n  — 12  ;  posterior  lat- 
erals, 9 — n. 

SCALE  OF  MALE. — Plate  2,  Fig.  9  A.  Length,  .8  mm.  Delicate 
in  texture,  feebly  uni-carinate.  Exuvia  yellowish-brown,  occupying 
nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale. 

REMARKS. 

On  Dracaena  cinnabari  from  Socotia  Island.  Sent  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  by  Mr.  W.  S.  MacDougall  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 


Explanation  of  Plate  i. 

Fig.  i.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  mussaendae. 

Fig.  i  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  2.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  lata,  drawn  from  a  cotype.     H. 

lata  is  now  considered  a  synonym  of  H.  aspidistrae. 
Fig.  3.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  theae. 
Fig.  3  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 
Fig.  4.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae, 
Fig.  4  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 


PLATE  /. 


D 


4A 


Explanation  of  Plate  2. 

Fig.  i.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  corni. 

Fig.  i  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  2.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  longiloba. 

Fig.  2  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  3.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  caryae. 

Fig.  3  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig,  4.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  pinifoliae  (narrow  form). 

Fig.  4  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  4  B.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  pinifoliae  (broad  form). 

Fig.  5.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  ivistariae. 

Fig.  5  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  6.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  americana. 

Fig.  6  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  7.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  furfura. 

Fig.  7  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  8.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 

Fig.  8  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  9.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  dracaenae. 

Fig.  9  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 


PLATE  II. 


Explanation  of  Plate  3. 

Fig.  i.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  salicis-nigrae. 

Fig.  i  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  2.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  plataiii. 

Fig.  2  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  3.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  lintneri. 

Fig.  3  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  4.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  minor. 

Fig.  4  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  5.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  herbae. 

Fig.  5  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  6.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  dysoxyli. 

Fig.  6  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  7.     Female  scale  of  Chionaspis  stanotophri. 

Fig.  7  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  8.     Female  scale  of  CJiionaspis  ortJiolobis. 

Fig.  8  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 

Fig.  9.     Female  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  rJwdodendri. 

Fig.  9  A.     Male  scale  of  the  same  species. 


PLATE  III. 


Explanation  of  Plate  4. 

Fig.  i.  Portion  of  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  of  Fiorinia  fioriniae  showing 
the  median  "  notch  "  formed  by  the  median  lobes. 

Fig.  2.     Pygidium  of  salicis,  the  type  of  the  genus  Chionaspis. 

Fig.  3.  Portion  of  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  of  Parlatoria  sp.  The  draw- 
ing is  designed  to  show  the  type  of  "  plates  "  found  in  the  genus 
Parlatoria. 

Fig.  4.     Same  from  a  species  of  Aspitfiotus. 

Fig.  5.  Diagramatic  representation  of  a  pygidium,  drawn  to  explain  the 
form  of  description  used  in  this  paper.  A,  circumgenital  gland- 
orifices.  B,  anterior  groups  of  dorsal  gland-orifices,  c,  posterior 
groups  of  dorsal  gland-orifices.  D,  anus.  E,  marginal  gland- 
orifices.  F,  spines  of  the  dorsal  surface.  G,  spines  of  the  ventral 
surface.  H,  gland-spines,  j,  marginal  gland-prominence.  K, 
median  lobes.  L,  second  lobe.  M,  third  lobe.  N,  genital  orifice. 


PLATE  IV. 


Explanation  of  Plate  5. 

Fig.  i.     Cross  section  of  male  scale  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 

Fig.  2.     Leg  of  larva  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 

Fig.  3.     Pygidium  of  Chionaspis  furfur  a. 

Fig.  4.     Diagramatic  representation  of  a  female  Chionaspis  to  show  how 

the  thirteen  segments  of  the  body  may  be  accounted  for. 
Fig.  5.     Larva   of    Chionaspis  americana   soon   after  it  has   come  to  rest : 

showing  the  way  it  begins  the  formation  of  the  scale. 
Fig.  6.     Antenna  of  larva  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 
Fig.  7.     Side  view  of  female  scale  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 
Fig.  8.     Body  of  the  female  of  Chionaspis  salicis. 


PLATE    V. 


Explanation  of  Plate  6. 

Fig.    i.     Body  of  female  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae. 
Fig.    2.     Exuviae  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae. 
Fig.    3.     Same  of  Hemichionaspis  theae. 

Fig.    4.     Edge  of  one  of  the  abdominal'segments  of  Hemichionaspis  theae. 
Fig.    5.     A  gland-spine  from  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae. 
Fig.    6.     Portion  of  body  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae  showing  the  very 

prominent  abdominal  segments. 

Fig.    7.     Cross  section  of  male  scale  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae. 
Fig.    8.     Portion  of  body  of  Hemichionaspis  minor. 
Fig.    9.     Pygidium   of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae.     The   right  side  is  a 

ventral  and  the  left  side  a  dorsal  view. 
Fig.  10.     A  gland-spine  from  Hemichionaspis  rhododendri  \  the  form  which 

occurs  on  the  abdominal  segments. 


PLATE    VI. 


Explanation  of  Plate  7. 

Portion  from  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  of  different  species. 

Fig.  i.  Chionaspis  salicis. 

Fig.  2.  Chionaspis  herbae. 

Fig.  3.  Chionaspis  salicis-nigrae. 

Fig.  4.  Chionaspis  pinifoliae  heterophyllae. 

Fig.  5.  Chionaspis  platani. 

Fig.  6.  Second  lobe  of  Chionaspis  platani  showing  variation. 

Fig.  7.  Chionaspis  ivistariae. 

Fig.  8.  Chionaspis  pinifoliae. 

Fig.  9.  Chionaspis  lintneri. 


PLATE    VI L 


Explanation  of  Plate  8. 

Portion  of  the  edge  of  the  pygidium  of  different  species. 

Fig.  i.  Chionaspis  dysoxyli. 

Fig.  2.  Chionaspis  ortholobis. 

Fig.  3.  CJiionaspis  americana. 

Fig.  4.  Second  lobe  of  Chionaspis  americana  showing  variation. 

F  i  g.  5 .  Ch ionaspis  caryae. 

Fig.  6.  Chionaspis  furfura. 

Fig.  7.  Chionaspis  longiloba. 

Fig.  8.  Chionaspis  corni. 

Fig.  9.  Chionaspis  stanotopJiri. 


PLATE    VII L 


Explanation  of  Plate  9. 

Fig.    i.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  dracaenae. 
Fig.    2.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  scrobicularum. 
Fig.    3-     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  theae. 
Fig     4      Marginal  gland  prominence  from  Hemichionaspis  scrobicularum 

showing  how  the  edge  is  drawn  out  into  a  spine,   resembling  a 

gland-spine. 

Fig.    5.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  minor. 
Fig.    6.     Median  lobes  of  Hemichionaspis  minor  strachani. 
Fig.   7.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  rhododendri. 
Fig.    8.     Median  lobes  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae  showing  variation. 
Fig.    9.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  aspidistrae. 
Fig.  10.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  mussaendae. 
Fig.  ii.     Portion  of  edge  of  pygidium  of  Hemichionaspis  minor  showing 

second  lobe  quite  well  developed. 

Fig.  12.     Dorsal  gland-orifice  of  Hemichionaspis  scrobicularum. 
Fig.  13.     Dorsal  gland-orifice  of  the   smaller   variety  from   Hemichionaspis 

scrobicularum. 


PLATE  IX. 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


Aspidiotus,      u,  12,  13,  19,  23,  24,  25,  30 

Chionaspis,  8,  n,  12,  13, 15,  16,  17, 19,  22, 

23,  24,  25,  26,30,  31,  34,  35, 

36>  37,  39>  40,  4i 
Chionaspis,  45,  46,  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,55,56 


Coccus, u,  24, 25 

Diaspis, 24 

Hemichionaspis,  44,45,49,  51,  52,54,55, 

56,  57- 
Mytilaspis,      .        .        .        .  19,  30 


INDEX  OF  SPECIES  AND  VARIETIES. 

.11.12 

longiloba, 

16 

albizziae, 
alni,         .... 
americana, 

53 

.   II,   12 
41 

53 

minimus^ 

1  1 

minor,      .         .         . 
minor  strachani, 
mussaendae, 
ortholobis, 
ortholobis  bruneri, 
pinifoliae, 
pinifolii, 
pinifoliae  heterophyllae, 
platani, 

.52,53 
54 
.  49,  5° 
17 
19 
•  30,  31 
.30,31 
34 
•         •         36 

.   II,   12 

aspidistrae, 
aspidistrae  inussaendae, 
aspidistrae  theae,    . 
brasiiiensis,     . 
caryae,     .... 
cerasi,      .... 
corni,        .... 

•  45>  46 
.  49,  50 
5i 
•  45>  46 
40 
•     23,  24,  25 
i5 
57 

rhododendri, 
saliceti, 

•             '            56 
.    II,    12 
II 

dysoxyli, 
exercitata, 
fraxini, 
furfura, 
furfurtis, 
furfur  us  fulvus,    . 
harrisii, 
herbae, 
latus,        .... 

37 
5i 

.   II,   12 

23 

23,  24,  25,  26 
26 
...            24 

37 
.        46 

22 
22 

salicis, 

.       II,   12,   13 
19 

salicis-nigrae, 
scrobicularum, 
stanotophri,     . 

19 

55 
35 
ci 

timidus,  .... 
vaccinii, 

wistariae, 

53 

.    II,    12 

39 

lintneri, 
lintneri  betulae, 

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